سرعة رد الفعل عند الإنسان: ما الزمن الجيد حقًا؟

المصادر

1. Woods, D. L., Wyma, J. M., Yund, E. W., Herron, T. J., & Reed, B. (2015). Factors influencing the latency of simple reaction time. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 131.doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00131
   n = 1,469; Community volunteers in Rotorua, New Zealand, aged 18 to 65 (mean age 45.8, 40% men)
   Abstract: "Experiment 1 examined a community sample of 1469 subjects ranging in age from 18 to 65. Mean SRT latencies were short (231, 213 ms when corrected for hardware delays) and increased significantly with age (0.55 ms/year)". Table 2, column Experiment 1: "N 1469", "SRT 230.8", "SRT SD 26.8". (قُرئ في 2026-10-01: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00131/full)
2. World Athletics (2026). Book C, C2.1 Technical Rules, Rule 16 (The start), version in force from 1 July 2026. World Athletics Book of Rules.https://worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/documents/book-of-rules
   C2.1 Technical Rules (document "C1.1 & C2.1 - Competition Rules & Technical Rules", dated 01 JUL 2026): "When a World Athletics certified Start Information System is in use, the Starter and/or an assigned Recaller shall wear headphones in order to clearly hear the acoustic signal emitted when the System indicates a possible false start (i.e. when the reaction time is less than 0.100 second)." (قُرئ في 2026-10-06: https://worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/documents/book-of-rules)
3. Human Benchmark (2026). Reaction Time Statistics. humanbenchmark.com.https://humanbenchmark.com/tests/reactiontime/statistics
   n = 81,000,000; Reaction-time clicks by visitors to the site: attempts, not people
   "Since this site was created, it's recorded over 81 million reaction time clicks. The median reaction time is 273 milliseconds. The average reaction time is 284 milliseconds." (قُرئ في 2026-10-01: https://humanbenchmark.com/tests/reactiontime/statistics)
4. Pain, M. T. G., & Hibbs, A. (2007). Sprint starts and the minimum auditory reaction time. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(1), 79–86.doi:10.1080/02640410600718004
   Nine sprinters starting from instrumented blocks
   Abstract: "The simple auditory reaction time is one of the fastest reaction times and is thought to be rarely less than 100 ms." "Reaction time in nine athletes performing sprint starts in four conditions was measured using starting blocks instrumented with piezoelectric force transducers" "Five of the athletes had mean reaction times of less than 100 ms in at least one condition and 20% of all starts in the first two conditions had a reaction time of less than 100 ms. The results demonstrate that the neuromuscular-physiological component of simple auditory reaction times can be under 85 ms and that EMG latencies can be under 60 ms." (قُرئ في 2026-10-06: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17127583/)
5. Thorpe, S., Fize, D., & Marlot, C. (1996). Speed of processing in the human visual system. Nature, 381(6582), 520–522.doi:10.1038/381520a0
   Abstract: "Here we use a go/no-go categorization task in which subjects have to decide whether a previously unseen photograph, flashed on for just 20 ms, contains an animal. ERP analysis revealed a frontal negativity specific to no-go trials that develops roughly 150 ms after stimulus onset. We conclude that the visual processing needed to perform this highly demanding task can be achieved in under 150 ms." (قُرئ في 2026-10-06: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8632824/)
6. Jain, A., Bansal, R., Kumar, A., & Singh, K. D. (2015). A comparative study of visual and auditory reaction times on the basis of gender and physical activity levels of medical first year students. International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research, 5(2), 124–127.doi:10.4103/2229-516X.157168
   n = 120; Medical students aged 18 to 20 in Patiala, India
   Abstract: "The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 healthy medical students in age group of 18-20 years. RT for target stimulus that is, for the beep tone for measuring ART, and red circle for measuring VRT was determined using Inquisit 4.0 (Computer Software) in the laptop. The task was to press the spacebar as soon as the stimulus is presented. Five readings of each stimulus were taken, and their respective fastest RT's for each stimuli were recorded." "In both the sexes' RT to the auditory stimulus was significantly less (P < 0.001) as compared to the visual stimulus." (قُرئ في 2026-10-06: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26097821/)
7. Yoshida, K. T., Kiernan, J. X., Okamura, A. M., & Nunez, C. M. (2023). Exploring human response times to combinations of audio, haptic, and visual stimuli from a mobile device. IEEE World Haptics Conference 2023 (arXiv:2305.17180).https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.17180
   n = 20; Adults aged 20 to 29 holding an iPhone 11
   "Our user study included 20 participants (13 female, 6 male, 1 non-binary; aged 20-29)." "Participants had the shortest response time for the high audio stimulus (405 ± 50 ms) and longest response time for the low visual stimulus (528 ± 105 ms)." "The mean response time is the fastest in the condition with high levels of all three stimuli (mean ± standard deviation, 320 ± 43 ms)" "The fastest mean response time recorded for a particular subject was 250 ms, and the slowest was 819 ms." "The overall mean response time across all conditions was (380 ± 52 ms)." (قُرئ في 2026-10-06: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.17180)
8. Baur, H., Müller, S., Hirschmüller, A., Huber, G., & Mayer, F. (2006). Reactivity, stability, and strength performance capacity in motor sports. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40, 906–910.doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.025783
   Eight élite racing drivers and ten physically active people of the same age and weight
   Abstract: "Eight élite racing drivers and 10 physically active controls matched for age and weight were tested in reaction and determination tests." "Racing drivers demonstrated significantly faster reaction times than controls (p = 0.004). However, no significant differences were found for postural stability, leg extensor strength, or arm strength and endurance." (قُرئ في 2026-10-06: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=PMCID:PMC2465029&format=json&resultType=core)
9. Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) (2026). 2026 Formula 1 Regulations, Section B: Sporting, Issue 07, Article B5.7.2. FIA, 25 June 2026.https://api.fia.com/system/files/documents/fia_2026_f1_regulations_-_section_b_sporting_-_iss_07_-_2026-06-25.pdf
   Article B5.7.2: "There will be a standing start, the signal to start the TTCS being given by means of five red lights on the start gantry" "The time interval between the illumination of each of the five red lights in the sequence described above shall be one (1) second." "The time interval between the illumination of the fifth light and all lights being extinguished, to signal the start of the TTCS, is at the sole discretion of the permanent starter." (قُرئ في 2026-10-06: https://api.fia.com/system/files/documents/fia_2026_f1_regulations_-_section_b_sporting_-_iss_07_-_2026-06-25.pdf)
10. Pronk, T., Wiers, R. W., Molenkamp, B., & Murre, J. (2020). Mental chronometry in the pocket? Timing accuracy of web applications on touchscreen and keyboard devices. Behavior Research Methods, 52(3), 1371–1382.doi:10.3758/s13428-019-01321-2
    Four devices from 2015 and 2016: a MacBook Pro, an ASUS laptop, a Samsung Galaxy S7 and an iPhone 6S, pressed by a robot
    Abstract: "In controlled circumstances, as can be realized in a lab setting, very accurate stimulus timing and moderately accurate RT measurements could be achieved on both touchscreen and keyboard devices, though RTs were consistently overestimated." Table 4 "Descriptives of RT overestimations (in milliseconds) per device and browser" (OS, Web Browser, Minimum, Maximum, Mean, SD): "Android Chrome 46.0 103.5 69.8 7.4", "iOS Safari 48.3 96.3 57.6 6.5", "MacOS Safari 93.0 163.7 132.9 8.1", "Windows Chrome 64.7 70.6 68.5 1.7", "Windows Firefox 49.8 84.9 61.9 5.7". (قُرئ في 2026-10-06: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7280355/fullTextXML)
11. Anwyl-Irvine, A., Dalmaijer, E. S., Hodges, N., & Evershed, J. K. (2021). Realistic precision and accuracy of online experiment platforms, web browsers, and devices. Behavior Research Methods, 53(4), 1407–1425.doi:10.3758/s13428-020-01501-5
    Desktop and laptop computers with Windows 10 and macOS, pressed by a robot; and the equipment of 202,600 online participants
    Abstract: "We then employed a robot actuator in realistic set-ups to measure response recording across the aforementioned platforms, and between different keyboard types (desktop and integrated laptop)." "We found that modern web platforms provide reasonable accuracy and precision for display duration and manual response time". Table 2 "RT delay is calculated as the difference between known and recorded RT." Browser means: "Chrome 78.81", "Edge 80.10", "Firefox 82.30", "Safari 76.50"; device means: "macOS-Desktop 85.35", "Windows-Desktop 76.24", "Windows-Laptop 73.65". Results: "We found that 77% of these devices were desktop or laptop computers, whereas only 20% were mobile devices" "Based on a sample of 202,600 participants." (قُرئ في 2026-10-06: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8367876/fullTextXML)
12. Der, G., & Deary, I. J. (2006). Age and sex differences in reaction time in adulthood: Results from the United Kingdom Health and Lifestyle Survey. Psychology and Aging, 21(1), 62–73.doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.62
    n = 7,130; Adults in the United Kingdom Health and Lifestyle Survey
    Abstract: "The authors reanalyzed data for 7,130 adult participants in the United Kingdom Health and Lifestyle Survey" "The authors modeled the age differences in simple and 4-choice reaction time means and variabilities" "Simple RT shows little slowing until around 50, whereas choice RT slows throughout the adult age range." (قُرئ في 2026-10-06: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16594792/)