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Jezik: Bosanski

Studije iza brojeva

Ovdje su studije iza brojeva na ovom sajtu. Navedena je svaka referentna studija s kojom test poredi vaš rezultat, uz to ko je učestvovao, šta je mjereno, koje brojeve koristimo i riječi u kojima smo ih provjerili. Poslije njih dolaze studije, rekordi i pravila koje citiraju naši članci s činjenicama. Spisak se pravi iz istih zapisa koje koriste testovi i članci, pa se s njima ne može razići.

Kako studija dođe na ovu stranicu

  • Neko pročita samu studiju, rekord ili pravila i prepiše tačne riječi koje daju svaki broj koji koristimo.
  • Uz riječi se čuvaju dan čitanja i stranica na kojoj je pročitano.
  • Studija čiji brojevi nisu pročitani u izvoru ovdje se ne prikazuje, a nijedan test ni stranica je ne smije koristiti.
  • Kad se studija doda ili ispravi, ova stranica se mijenja pri sljedećem ažuriranju sajta.

Svaki unos ima vlastitu adresu na ovoj stranici, pa veza može voditi pravo do studije iza nekog broja.

Kako test koristi studiju

Koliko se rezultat može porediti sa studijom zavisi od toga koliko se njih dvoje poklapaju. Ako je studija mjerila istu stvar na isti način, rezultat se može smjestiti među ljude iz studije. Ako preglednik dodaje kašnjenje kojeg studija nije imala, poređenje se prikazuje kao raspon. Ako studija daje samo uobičajeni raspon, rezultat se prikazuje pored tog raspona, kao oznake. Podatak koji sajt ili zajednica sami navode označen je kao tvrdnja i nikad se ne tretira kao studija o ljudima.

Svaki unos kaže o kakvom je izvoru riječ: recenziranoj studiji, podatku koji izvor sam navodi, podatku zajednice, rekordu ili pravilima saveza. Pod "Imajte na umu" navodi šta studija ne može reći, na primjer ko je izostavljen ili po čemu se njena metoda razlikuje od testa. Stranica Kako mjerimo detaljnije objašnjava stranu mjerenja.

Kako čitati unos

Prvo idu autori, godina i naslov, zatim časopis ili izdavač i veza na izvor. Brojevi su oni koje sajt koristi, u mjernoj jedinici same studije. Citat na kraju su riječi koje smo pročitali, a datum je dan kada smo ih pročitali. Navod i opis svake studije dati su na engleskom, kako su objavljeni.

Referentne studije s kojima te naši testovi porede

  1. Woods, D. L., Wyma, J. M., Yund, E. W., Herron, T. J., & Reed, B. (2015). Factors influencing the latency of simple reaction time

    Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 131. Recenzirano. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00131

    Osoba
    1.469
    Ko je učestvovao
    Community volunteers in Rotorua, New Zealand, aged 18 to 65 (mean age 45.8, 40% men)
    Prikupljeno
    Dates not reported; published March 2015
    Šta je mjereno
    Visual simple reaction time (Experiment 1): a bull's-eye shown left or right of fixation every 1.0 to 1.8 s, answered with a gaming-mouse button; 20 practice and 120 test trials; responses within 110–1000 ms counted; each person's mean latency
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 230,8ms; raspršenost (SD) 26,8ms; uračunato kašnjenje za miš ili tastaturu, od 44,1ms; do 115,1ms; uračunato kašnjenje za ekran na dodir, od 39,8ms; do 52ms
    Koristi
    Test brzine reakcije
    Imaj na umu
    • The study measured 17.8 ms of display and mouse delay; corrected for it, the mean is 213 ms.
    • Latency rises by about 0.55 ms per year of age; the sample is not split by age here.
    • The study averaged 120 trials per person; a median of 5 trials varies more from run to run.
    • The delay window comes from two robot-timed studies of everyday devices; no study pressed a mouse, so a mouse takes the keyboard window, wide because computers differ a lot.
    Provjereno
    Abstract: "Experiment 1 examined a community sample of 1469 subjects ranging in age from 18 to 65. Mean SRT latencies were short (231, 213 ms when corrected for hardware delays) and increased significantly with age (0.55 ms/year)". Table 2, column Experiment 1: "N 1469", "SRT 230.8", "SRT SD 26.8". (2026-10-01, https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00131/full)

  2. Human Benchmark (2026). Reaction Time Statistics

    humanbenchmark.com. Navodi sam izvor. https://humanbenchmark.com/tests/reactiontime/statistics

    Osoba
    81.000.000
    Ko je učestvovao
    Reaction-time clicks by visitors to the site: attempts, not people
    Prikupljeno
    Running total since the site was created; figures as shown on 2026-10-01
    Šta je mjereno
    Browser reaction-time test on any device, phones included; the site notes that scores include computer and display delay
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 284ms; medijan 273ms
    Koristi
    Test brzine reakcije
    Imaj na umu
    • Counts clicks, not people, so frequent visitors weigh more.
    • Not peer-reviewed and not corrected for device or browser delay.
    Provjereno
    "Since this site was created, it's recorded over 81 million reaction time clicks. The median reaction time is 273 milliseconds. The average reaction time is 284 milliseconds." (2026-10-01, https://humanbenchmark.com/tests/reactiontime/statistics)

  3. Woods, D. L., Wyma, J. M., Yund, E. W., Herron, T. J., & Reed, B. (2015). Factors influencing the latency of simple reaction time

    Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 131. Recenzirano. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00131

    Osoba
    1.469
    Ko je učestvovao
    Community volunteers in Rotorua, New Zealand, aged 18 to 65 (mean age 45.8, 40% men)
    Prikupljeno
    Dates not reported; published March 2015
    Šta je mjereno
    Visual simple reaction time (Experiment 1): a bull's-eye shown left or right of fixation every 1.0 to 1.8 s, answered with a gaming-mouse button; 20 practice and 120 test trials; responses within 110–1000 ms counted; each person's mean latency
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 230,8ms
    Koristi
    F1 reaction test: krenite kad se svjetla ugase
    Imaj na umu
    • The study timed a light coming on, not a row of start lights going out: a different task, so its average is only a mark.
    • The study measured 17.8 ms of display and mouse delay; corrected for it, the mean is 213 ms.
    • Latency rises by about 0.55 ms per year of age; the sample is not split by age here.
    Provjereno
    Abstract: "Experiment 1 examined a community sample of 1469 subjects ranging in age from 18 to 65. Mean SRT latencies were short (231, 213 ms when corrected for hardware delays) and increased significantly with age (0.55 ms/year)". Table 2, column Experiment 1: "N 1469", "SRT 230.8", "SRT SD 26.8". (2026-10-01, https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00131/full)

  4. Shelton, J., & Kumar, G. P. (2010). Comparison between auditory and visual simple reaction times

    Neuroscience & Medicine, 1(1), 30–32. Recenzirano. doi:10.4236/nm.2010.11004

    Osoba
    14
    Ko je učestvovao
    14 people, men and women, tested in pairs
    Prikupljeno
    Dates not reported; published 2010
    Šta je mjereno
    Simple reaction to a sound and to a light, timed by DirectRT software on a laptop; each person's mean, leaving out the first and last tries
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 284ms
    Koristi
    Test reakcije na zvuk
    Imaj na umu
    • A very small study: its average is a mark to look at, not a ranking.
    • Laptop speakers and keys add their own delay, as your device does; the study does not say how much.
    • The same people reacted to a light in about 331 ms: sound is usually the quicker of the two.
    Provjereno
    Abstract, Methodology: "14 subjects were assigned randomly into groups consisting of 2 members. … The tests were taken from the DirectRT software program from a laptop." Results: "the mean visual reaction time is around 331 milliseconds as compared to the mean auditory reaction time of around 284 milliseconds." (2026-10-06, https://www.scirp.org/html/4-2400003_2689.htm)

  5. cps-check.com (2026). CPS Test

    cps-check.com. Brojka zajednice, nije norma. https://cps-check.com/

    Ko je učestvovao
    An ordinary person clicking with one finger, as a click-test site describes it
    Prikupljeno
    Not stated; figures as shown on 2026-10-06
    Šta je mjereno
    Unpublished: the site states the range for runs of 10 to 60 seconds in its copy
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    donja granica 5cps; gornja granica 7cps
    Koristi
    CPS test: koliko klikova u sekundi
    Imaj na umu
    • A community range, not a norm: no peer-reviewed clicking-speed norms exist.
    • The site publishes neither its method nor its data.
    Provjereno
    Section "What is good CPS?": "An average person can easily click with speed from 5 to 7 CPS for 10-60 seconds. It is very common number and can be achieved with regular clicking technique." (2026-10-06, https://cps-check.com/)

  6. cpstest.io (2026). CPS Test

    cpstest.io. Brojka zajednice, nije norma. https://cpstest.io/

    Ko je učestvovao
    An ordinary person clicking with one finger, as a click-test site describes it
    Prikupljeno
    Not stated; figures as shown on 2026-10-06
    Šta je mjereno
    Unpublished: the site states the range in its questions and answers
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    donja granica 6cps; gornja granica 7cps
    Koristi
    CPS test: koliko klikova u sekundi
    Imaj na umu
    • A community range, not a norm: no peer-reviewed clicking-speed norms exist.
    • The site publishes neither its method nor its data.
    Provjereno
    FAQ "What Is A Good CPS Score For An Average User?": "A good Clicks Per Second score for an average user is typically between 6 to 7 CPS." (2026-10-06, https://cpstest.io/)

  7. clickspeedtester.com (2026). Click Speed Test

    clickspeedtester.com. Brojka zajednice, nije norma. https://clickspeedtester.com/

    Ko je učestvovao
    Regular Clicking Easy 3-9, as described by a click-test site
    Prikupljeno
    Not stated; figures as shown on 2026-10-01
    Šta je mjereno
    Unpublished: the site presents the range as the average clicks per second for this technique
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    donja granica 3cps; gornja granica 9cps
    Koristi
    CPS test: koliko klikova u sekundi
    Imaj na umu
    • A community range, not a norm: no peer-reviewed clicking-speed norms exist.
    • The site publishes neither its method nor its data.
    Provjereno
    Section "How Fast Can You Click in Click Speed Test?", table "Average CPS Score" (Clicking Technique, Difficulty, Average CPS): "Regular Clicking Easy 3-9". (2026-10-01, https://clickspeedtester.com/)

  8. clickspeedtester.com (2026). Click Speed Test

    clickspeedtester.com. Brojka zajednice, nije norma. https://clickspeedtester.com/

    Ko je učestvovao
    Jitter Clicking Hard 10-14, as described by a click-test site
    Prikupljeno
    Not stated; figures as shown on 2026-10-01
    Šta je mjereno
    Unpublished: the site presents the range as the average clicks per second for this technique
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    donja granica 10cps; gornja granica 14cps
    Koristi
    CPS test: koliko klikova u sekundi
    Imaj na umu
    • A community range, not a norm: no peer-reviewed clicking-speed norms exist.
    • The site publishes neither its method nor its data.
    Provjereno
    Section "How Fast Can You Click in Click Speed Test?", table "Average CPS Score" (Clicking Technique, Difficulty, Average CPS): "Jitter Clicking Hard 10-14". (2026-10-01, https://clickspeedtester.com/)

  9. clickspeedtester.com (2026). Click Speed Test

    clickspeedtester.com. Brojka zajednice, nije norma. https://clickspeedtester.com/

    Ko je učestvovao
    Butterfly Clicking Extreme 15-25, as described by a click-test site
    Prikupljeno
    Not stated; figures as shown on 2026-10-01
    Šta je mjereno
    Unpublished: the site presents the range as the average clicks per second for this technique
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    donja granica 15cps; gornja granica 25cps
    Koristi
    CPS test: koliko klikova u sekundi
    Imaj na umu
    • A community range, not a norm: no peer-reviewed clicking-speed norms exist.
    • The site publishes neither its method nor its data.
    Provjereno
    Section "How Fast Can You Click in Click Speed Test?", table "Average CPS Score" (Clicking Technique, Difficulty, Average CPS): "Butterfly Clicking Extreme 15-25". (2026-10-01, https://clickspeedtester.com/)

  10. clickspeedtester.com (2026). Click Speed Test

    clickspeedtester.com. Brojka zajednice, nije norma. https://clickspeedtester.com/

    Ko je učestvovao
    Drag Clicking Extreme 25-100, as described by a click-test site
    Prikupljeno
    Not stated; figures as shown on 2026-10-01
    Šta je mjereno
    Unpublished: the site presents the range as the average clicks per second for this technique
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    donja granica 25cps; gornja granica 100cps
    Koristi
    CPS test: koliko klikova u sekundi
    Imaj na umu
    • A community range, not a norm: no peer-reviewed clicking-speed norms exist.
    • The site publishes neither its method nor its data.
    Provjereno
    Section "How Fast Can You Click in Click Speed Test?", table "Average CPS Score" (Clicking Technique, Difficulty, Average CPS): "Drag Clicking Extreme 25-100". (2026-10-01, https://clickspeedtester.com/)

  11. spacebarclicker.org (2026). Spacebar Clicker

    spacebarclicker.org. Brojka zajednice, nije norma. https://spacebarclicker.org/

    Ko je učestvovao
    Players of a spacebar-counter site, as the site describes them
    Prikupljeno
    Not stated; figures as shown on 2026-10-06
    Šta je mjereno
    Unpublished: the site states the range in its copy
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    donja granica 6presses/s; gornja granica 7presses/s
    Koristi
    Spacebar clicker: brzina pritiskanja razmaknice
    Imaj na umu
    • A community figure, not a norm: no study has measured how fast people press a key.
    • The site publishes neither its method nor its data, nor how long the presses lasted.
    • The same page gives an average of 6.27 presses a second "as per the latest data".
    Provjereno
    "For instance, the average player's clicking score reaches 6 to 7 CPS. If a player is skilled, they can tap the bar with a CPS of 8 to 11." and "As per the latest data, the average CPS on a spacebar is 6.27." (2026-10-06, https://spacebarclicker.org/)

  12. cpstest.io (2026). Spacebar Counter

    cpstest.io. Brojka zajednice, nije norma. https://cpstest.io/spacebar-counter/

    Ko je učestvovao
    People pressing the spacebar on counter sites, as the site describes them
    Prikupljeno
    Not stated; figure as shown on 2026-10-06
    Šta je mjereno
    Unpublished: "data collected from various sources", in the site's words
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 6,11presses/s
    Koristi
    Spacebar clicker: brzina pritiskanja razmaknice
    Imaj na umu
    • A community figure, not a norm: no study has measured how fast people press a key.
    • The site names neither its sources nor how long the presses lasted.
    Provjereno
    "According to data collected from various sources, the average person's spacebar clicking score is 6.11 cps." (2026-10-06, https://cpstest.io/spacebar-counter/)

  13. Hammerschmidt, D., Frieler, K., & Wöllner, C. (2021). Spontaneous motor tempo: Investigating psychological, chronobiological, and demographic factors in a large-scale online tapping experiment

    Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 677201. Recenzirano. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.677201

    Osoba
    3.576
    Ko je učestvovao
    Online participants from 74 countries, most from China, mean age 27.6
    Prikupljeno
    An online tapping experiment; dates not reported; published 2021
    Šta je mjereno
    Tapping at a comfortable, even pace with no music in a web application; each person's mean gap between taps
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    medijan 729ms
    Koristi
    Tap BPM: tapkajte i saznajte tempo
    Imaj na umu
    • People tapped at their own pace, with no music: the tempo of a song is another thing, so this is a mark, not a score.
    • Paces varied widely, from 123 ms to 2,150 ms between taps, and people bunched around several typical paces.
    • The average gap was 780 ms; the middle one, shown here, 729 ms.
    Provjereno
    Participants: "A total of 5,966 participants took part in the study, out of which data from 3,576 participants were used for further analysis". Results: "Overall, the mean SMT of all participants was 780 ms (SD = 328) and the median ITI was 729 ms, ranging from 123 to 2,150 ms." (2026-10-06, https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.677201/full)

  14. Thompson, J. J., Blair, M. R., Chen, L., & Henrey, A. J. (2013). Video game telemetry as a critical tool in the study of complex skill learning

    PLOS ONE, 8(9), e75129. Recenzirano. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075129

    Osoba
    3.360
    Ko je učestvovao
    StarCraft 2 players of seven levels, from beginners to full-time professionals
    Prikupljeno
    Replays sent in by players through gaming communities and social media; dates not reported; published 2013
    Šta je mjereno
    Actions per minute as the game counts them, from one recorded game of each player
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 117,05apm
    Koristi
    APM test: koliko akcija u minuti
    Imaj na umu
    • No study has timed this test: the figure is the APM of real games, where every action follows a decision.
    • Pressing as fast as you can, with nothing to decide, gives far more actions a minute than playing a game.
    • The players in the study chose to send in a game; beginners to professionals took part.
    Provjereno
    Methods: "Telemetric data was collected from 3,360 RTS game players from 7 levels of expertise, ranging from novices to full-time professionals." Figure S15: "Histogram of APM (M = 117.05, SD = 51.95)." (2026-10-06, https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0075129)

  15. Soukoreff, R. W., & MacKenzie, I. S. (2004). Towards a standard for pointing device evaluation, perspectives on 27 years of Fitts' law research in HCI

    International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 61(6), 751–789. Recenzirano. doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.001

    Ko je učestvovao
    Participants of five published mouse studies from four research groups
    Prikupljeno
    Review; the five mouse results come from earlier studies that follow ISO 9241-9
    Šta je mjereno
    Fitts throughput as ISO 9241-9 defines it: Shannon formulation, target width adjusted for accuracy, averaged over conditions and participants
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    donja granica 3,7bits/s; gornja granica 4,9bits/s
    Koristi
    Aim trainer: vježba nišanjenja mišem
    Imaj na umu
    • A range across five study averages, not the spread between individual people.
    • Measured with standard pointing tasks and an accuracy adjustment; an aim trainer is a different task, so the range is orientation only.
    Provjereno
    Section 4: "consider the mouse throughput values. All of the throughputs fall in the range [3.7–4.9]. So, five different Fitts' law models (representing every publication with a mouse model available to us) from four separate research groups have published results that agree to within 1.2 bits/s (bps)." Table 5: "Mouse 3.7–4.9". (2026-10-01, https://www.yorku.ca/mack/ijhcs2004.pdf)

  16. Dhakal, V., Feit, A. M., Kristensson, P. O., & Oulasvirta, A. (2018). Observations on Typing from 136 Million Keystrokes

    Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '18). Recenzirano. doi:10.1145/3173574.3174220

    Osoba
    168.960
    Ko je učestvovao
    Self-selected volunteers from a typing-test site: mean age 24.5, 68% from the US, 85% native English speakers, 72% had taken a typing course
    Prikupljeno
    Three months of online collection; dates not reported; published April 2018
    Šta je mjereno
    Transcribing 15 English sentences, each read and memorised first; WPM is the transcribed length in five-character words divided by the time from first to last keypress
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 51,56wpm; raspršenost (SD) 20,2wpm
    Koristi
    Test kucanja
    Imaj na umu
    • Self-selected: people who look for a typing test, not the general population.
    • The distribution is slightly skewed (0.513); a normal model still matches the paper's cut-offs for its slowest and fastest tenth (about 26 and 78 WPM).
    • The fastest tenth averaged 89.56 WPM.
    • The study counted every transcribed character; net WPM counts only correctly typed words and reads slightly lower.
    Provjereno
    Results: "The final dataset includes 136,857,600 keystrokes from 168,960 participants"; "The average WPM value for participants is 51.56 (SD = 20.2)". Table 3, row WPM: "All 51.56 20.20", "Fast 89.56 9.53". (2026-10-01, https://userinterfaces.aalto.fi/136Mkeystrokes/resources/chi-18-analysis.pdf)

  17. Palin, K., Feit, A. M., Kim, S., Kristensson, P. O., & Oulasvirta, A. (2019). How do People Type on Mobile Devices? Observations from a Study with 37,000 Volunteers

    Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI '19). Recenzirano. doi:10.1145/3338286.3340120

    Osoba
    37.370
    Ko je učestvovao
    Volunteers who took an online typing test on a mobile device; most from the US, 56% native English speakers
    Prikupljeno
    September 2018 to January 2019
    Šta je mjereno
    Transcribing 15 English sentences on the phone's own keyboard, with autocorrect, word prediction and gesture typing allowed; WPM in five-character words, averaged per person
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 36,2wpm
    Koristi
    Test kucanja
    Imaj na umu
    • Autocorrect, word prediction and gesture typing were allowed in the study.
    • English sentences; in other languages the mark is a rough guide.
    Provjereno
    Abstract: "a web-based transcription task performed by 37,370 volunteers. The average typing speed was 36.2 WPM with 2.3% uncorrected errors." (2026-10-01, https://userinterfaces.aalto.fi/typing37k/resources/Mobile_typing_study.pdf)

  18. Brysbaert, M. (2019). How many words do we read per minute? A review and meta-analysis of reading rate

    Journal of Memory and Language, 109, 104047. Recenzirano. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2019.104047

    Osoba
    18.573
    Ko je učestvovao
    Adults reading English silently, pooled across 190 studies
    Prikupljeno
    Meta-analysis of 190 earlier studies; preprint posted April 2019
    Šta je mjereno
    Meta-analysis of silent reading rates for non-fiction; the range is where the author says most adults fall
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    donja granica 175wpm; gornja granica 300wpm
    Koristi
    Test brzine čitanja
    Imaj na umu
    • English non-fiction; the average is 238 wpm, and fiction reads faster (260 wpm, range 200 to 320).
    • A range the author gives for most adults, not a computed interval.
    Provjereno
    Abstract: "Based on the analysis of 190 studies (18,573 participants), we estimate that the average silent reading rate for adults in English is 238 words per minute (wpm) for non-fiction and 260 wpm for fiction." and "For silent reading of English non-fiction most adults fall in the range of 175 to 300 wpm; for fiction the range is 200 to 320 wpm." (2026-10-01, https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/xynwg)

  19. Woods, D. L., Kishiyama, M. M., Yund, E. W., Herron, T. J., Edwards, B., Poliva, O., Hink, R. F., & Reed, B. (2011). Improving digit span assessment of short-term verbal memory

    Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33(1), 101–111. Recenzirano. doi:10.1080/13803395.2010.493149

    Osoba
    763
    Ko je učestvovao
    Community volunteers in Rotorua, New Zealand, aged 18 to 65 (mean age 46.5), a random selection of residents
    Prikupljeno
    Dates not reported; published 2011
    Šta je mjereno
    Computerized forward digit span with spoken digits: lists grew after each list repeated right, testing began at 5 digits, 10 lists; the span is the longest list repeated before two misses at one length
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    donja granica 5digits; gornja granica 7digits
    Koristi
    Test pamćenja brojeva
    Imaj na umu
    • The digits were spoken, not shown; seeing them is a little different.
    • The range is where 80% of the people in the study fell; the rest were below or above it.
    • The average span in the study was 6.35 digits (SD 1.15).
    Provjereno
    Experiment 2, Methods: "a 10-list test was administered to 763 community volunteers in Rotorua, New Zealand"; Subjects: "Subjects ranged in age from 18 to 65 yrs (mean age = 46.5 years)". Results: "TE-ML showed a median span of 6 with 80% of subjects showing spans between 5 and 7 digits." Table 6, FS TE-ML: "Mean 6.35", "SD 1.15". (2026-10-06, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2978794/)

  20. Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information

    Psychological Review, 63(2), 81–97. Recenzirano. doi:10.1037/h0043158

    Ko je učestvovao
    Adults in the laboratory studies the essay reviews
    Prikupljeno
    Review essay; no data collection of its own
    Šta je mjereno
    Review of immediate-memory span experiments
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    donja granica 5digits; gornja granica 9digits
    Koristi
    Test pamćenja brojeva
    Imaj na umu
    • A rule of thumb from a review essay, not a measured sample.
    • Span depends on how fast the digits are shown and how answers are scored.
    Provjereno
    Title: "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two". Text: "decimal digits are worth 3.3 bits apiece. We can recall about seven of them". (2026-10-01, https://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Miller/)

  21. Brown, L. A., & Wesley, R. W. (2013). Visual working memory is enhanced by mixed strategy use and semantic coding

    Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(3), 328–338. Recenzirano. doi:10.1080/20445911.2013.773004

    Osoba
    40
    Ko je učestvovao
    40 adults aged 18 to 32 (mean age 20.8) in Scotland; the figure is of the half tested without a second task
    Prikupljeno
    Dates not reported; published 2013
    Šta je mjereno
    Modified Visual Patterns Test on a computer: a chequered pattern with half its cells black, shown for 3 s, then 10 s of a blank screen, then the black cells marked on a paper grid; patterns grow from 4 to 15 black cells, three at each size
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 9,28squares; raspršenost (SD) 2,19squares
    Koristi
    Test vizuelnog pamćenja
    Imaj na umu
    • A small study: about 20 young adults gave the figure.
    • They waited 10 seconds before answering, on paper; here you answer at once on the screen.
    • Their patterns filled half the grid; here at most two squares in five light up.
    Provjereno
    Experiment 1: "Participants were 40 adults (29 females, 11 males), aged between 18 and 32 years (M = 20.80, SD = 3.89)." Table 1, "Mean visual working memory span (with standard deviations)", row "Control", column "Low": "9.28 (± 2.19)". (2026-10-06, https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/47979/1/Brown_Wesley_2013_JoCP.pdf)

  22. Woods, D. L., Wyma, J. M., Herron, T. J., & Yund, E. W. (2016). The effects of repeat testing, malingering, and traumatic brain injury on computerized measures of visuospatial memory span

    Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 690. Recenzirano. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00690

    Osoba
    187
    Ko je učestvovao
    Control participants aged 18 to 82 (mean age 41.1), the normative sample of the authors' computerized spatial span test
    Prikupljeno
    Dates not reported; published January 2016
    Šta je mjereno
    Computerized spatial span: ten squares on a screen, a sequence of them to be clicked back in order, 14 trials with list length adjusted to performance; the Corsi span is the longest sequence repeated before two misses in a row
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 5,15blocks; raspršenost (SD) 1,2blocks
    Koristi
    Test pamćenja niza
    Imaj na umu
    • The squares were placed anew on every trial; here the blocks stay where they are.
    • Span falls with age; the people in the study were 18 to 82 years old.
    • A computer version of the Corsi task, so five rough levels are shown, not a percentile.
    Provjereno
    Table 1, row "Normative": "Control | 187 | 18–82; 41.1 (21.3)". Table 2, row "Normative", column MS: "5.15 (1.20)"; note: "MS, Corsi block span, maximum sequence length reported before missing two successive trials". (2026-10-06, https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00690/full)

  23. Oliveira, J., Fernandes, M., Rosa, P. J., & Gamito, P. (2021). Is Pupil Activity Associated With the Strength of Memory Signal for Words in a Continuous Recognition Memory Paradigm?

    Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 686183. Recenzirano. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.686183

    Osoba
    42
    Ko je učestvovao
    42 adults in Portugal, native Portuguese speakers, mean age 26, tested on a university campus
    Prikupljeno
    Dates not reported; published 2021
    Šta je mjereno
    Continuous recognition of written Portuguese words: 64 words each shown again after 1, 4, 8 or 32 other words, mixed with 43 new words; for each word, seen before or new
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 81%
    Koristi
    Test verbalnog pamćenja
    Imaj na umu
    • A small study: 42 young adults, with Portuguese words.
    • Every word there came back once, after at most 32 other words; here a run goes on until the third mistake.
    Provjereno
    Participants: "The sample comprised 42 adult Portuguese native speakers who had normal vision or corrected-to-normal vision, mostly women (n = 23) with a mean age of 26 years (SD = 6.79)". Design and Procedure: "The visual word recognition task was based on a continuous recognition memory paradigm originally from Shepard and Teghtsoonian (1961)". Results: "Participants had an average hit rate (correct recognition) of 81% (ranging from 37 to 100%) and a false alarm rate of 11% (ranging from 0 to 29%)." (2026-10-06, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.686183)

  24. Oliveira, J., Fernandes, M., Rosa, P. J., & Gamito, P. (2021). Is Pupil Activity Associated With the Strength of Memory Signal for Words in a Continuous Recognition Memory Paradigm?

    Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 686183. Recenzirano. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.686183

    Osoba
    42
    Ko je učestvovao
    42 adults in Portugal, native Portuguese speakers, mean age 26, tested on a university campus
    Prikupljeno
    Dates not reported; published 2021
    Šta je mjereno
    Continuous recognition of written Portuguese words: 64 words each shown again after 1, 4, 8 or 32 other words, mixed with 43 new words; for each word, seen before or new
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 11%
    Koristi
    Test verbalnog pamćenja
    Imaj na umu
    • The share of new words that people wrongly called seen; lower is better.
    Provjereno
    Participants: "The sample comprised 42 adult Portuguese native speakers who had normal vision or corrected-to-normal vision, mostly women (n = 23) with a mean age of 26 years (SD = 6.79)". Design and Procedure: "The visual word recognition task was based on a continuous recognition memory paradigm originally from Shepard and Teghtsoonian (1961)". Results: "Participants had an average hit rate (correct recognition) of 81% (ranging from 37 to 100%) and a false alarm rate of 11% (ranging from 0 to 29%)." (2026-10-06, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.686183)

  25. Silberberg, A., & Kearns, D. (2009). Memory for the order of briefly presented numerals in humans as a function of practice

    Animal Cognition, 12(2), 405–407 (on Inoue & Matsuzawa 2007, Current Biology, 17(23), R1004–R1005). Recenzirano. doi:10.1007/s10071-008-0206-8

    Osoba
    9
    Ko je učestvovao
    Nine university students, each in a single session with no practice
    Prikupljeno
    Dates not reported; the chimpanzee study was published in 2007
    Šta je mjereno
    Five of the numerals 1 to 9 on a touch screen, masked by white squares after 650, 430 or 210 ms, then touched in order from the smallest; the share of rounds with all five right
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 38%
    Koristi
    Chimp test
    Imaj na umu
    • The numbers vanished after 210 ms, a fifth of a second; here they stay until your first click.
    • Nine students, each in a single session with no practice; with practice, two adults later matched the chimpanzee.
    • The figure is read from the study's chart by the later paper ("a mean of about 38%").
    Provjereno
    Silberberg & Kearns 2009, abstract: "with an accuracy of approximately 79%, the juvenile chimpanzee, Ayumu, could recall the position and order of a random subset of five Arabic numerals between one and nine when those numerals were presented for only 210 ms ... None of nine humans working on the same task approached this level of accuracy." Introduction: "when the latency to masking was reduced to 210 ms, Ayumu's performance was largely unchanged, while that of humans dropped to a mean of about 38% (see Figure 2 from their report)." (2026-10-06, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-008-0206-8)

  26. Silberberg, A., & Kearns, D. (2009). Memory for the order of briefly presented numerals in humans as a function of practice

    Animal Cognition, 12(2), 405–407 (on Inoue & Matsuzawa 2007, Current Biology, 17(23), R1004–R1005). Recenzirano. doi:10.1007/s10071-008-0206-8

    Osoba
    1
    Ko je učestvovao
    Ayumu, a young chimpanzee with many sessions of practice on the task
    Prikupljeno
    Dates not reported; the chimpanzee study was published in 2007
    Šta je mjereno
    Five of the numerals 1 to 9 on a touch screen, masked by white squares after 650, 430 or 210 ms, then touched in order from the smallest; the share of rounds with all five right
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 79%
    Koristi
    Chimp test
    Imaj na umu
    • One chimpanzee, after many sessions of practice; the numbers vanished after 210 ms.
    Provjereno
    Silberberg & Kearns 2009, abstract: "with an accuracy of approximately 79%, the juvenile chimpanzee, Ayumu, could recall the position and order of a random subset of five Arabic numerals between one and nine when those numerals were presented for only 210 ms on a computer touch screen before being masked with white squares." (2026-10-06, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-008-0206-8)

  27. Hedge, C., Powell, G., & Sumner, P. (2018). The reliability paradox: Why robust cognitive tasks do not produce reliable individual differences

    Behavior Research Methods, 50(3), 1166–1186. Recenzirano. doi:10.3758/s13428-017-0935-1

    Osoba
    47
    Ko je učestvovao
    Undergraduate students aged 18 to 21 in a university lab in the United Kingdom (50 took part, 3 did not return)
    Prikupljeno
    Two sessions three weeks apart; dates not reported; published 2018
    Šta je mjereno
    Colour-word Stroop with four colours, each answered with its own key; 240 congruent, 240 neutral and 240 incongruent trials; the cost is the mean incongruent time less the mean congruent time
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 78ms; raspršenost (SD) 38ms
    Koristi
    Stroop test koncentracije
    Imaj na umu
    • A small study of students: its average is a mark to look at, not a ranking.
    • The study had 720 trials per session; a short test gives a less settled cost.
    • The study took the mean time of each kind of word; the test takes the middle (median) time, which a few slow answers move less.
    • In the second session, three weeks later, the same students averaged a cost of 61 ms.
    Provjereno
    Participants: "Participants in Study 1 were 50 (three male) undergraduate students aged 18–21 years"; Data analysis: "Data were not included if participants did not return for the follow-up session (3,2,2 for the three studies respectively)". Supplementary Table B1, Stroop task, "RT cost", Study 1, Session 1: "78 ms (38)". (2026-10-06, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5990556/)

  28. USB Implementers Forum (2001). Device Class Definition for Human Interface Devices (HID), Version 1.11

    usb.org. Navodi sam izvor. https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/hid1_11.pdf

    Ko je učestvovao
    USB keyboards in the basic (boot) protocol, as the standard defines them
    Prikupljeno
    Specification dated 27 June 2001, read on 2026-10-06
    Šta je mjereno
    The standard's limit on the keys a boot keyboard reports at once
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    vrijednost 6keys
    Koristi
    Keyboard test: provjera svake tipke
    Imaj na umu
    • Shift, Ctrl, Alt and the system keys come on top of the six.
    • The limit is the basic mode's; a keyboard may report more keys outside it, and some combinations fewer.
    • The test counts every key held, modifiers included.
    Provjereno
    Appendix F.3, "Boot Keyboard Requirements": "The Boot Keyboard shall report “Keyboard ErrorRollOver” in all array fields when the number of non-modifier keys pressed exceeds the Report Count. The limit is six non-modifier keys for a Boot Keyboard." (2026-10-06, https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/hid1_11.pdf)

  29. Microsoft (2026). SetDoubleClickTime function (winuser.h)

    Microsoft Learn. Navodi sam izvor. https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/winuser/nf-winuser-setdoubleclicktime

    Ko je učestvovao
    Windows computers with the default setting
    Prikupljeno
    Reference page as shown on 2026-10-06
    Šta je mjereno
    The platform's default limit between the two clicks of a double click
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    vrijednost 500ms
    Koristi
    Mouse test: provjera tastera i pomjeranja miša
    Imaj na umu
    • Windows only, and only its default: anyone can change it, and other systems choose their own.
    Provjereno
    "The number of milliseconds that may occur between the first and second clicks of a double-click. If this parameter is set to 0, the system uses the default double-click time of 500 milliseconds." (2026-10-06, https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/winuser/nf-winuser-setdoubleclicktime)

  30. Logitech (2026). Customize G PRO gaming mouse pointer settings with Logitech Gaming Software

    Logitech Support. Navodi sam izvor. https://support.logi.com/hc/en-us/articles/360023183294-Customize-G-PRO-gaming-mouse-pointer-settings-with-Logitech-Gaming-Software

    Ko je učestvovao
    A gaming mouse and its settings, as the maker describes them
    Prikupljeno
    Support article as shown on 2026-10-06
    Šta je mjereno
    The maker's statement of the report rates its software can set
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    donja granica 125Hz; gornja granica 1.000Hz
    Koristi
    Polling rate test: koliko često se miš javlja
    Imaj na umu
    • One maker's figures for one gaming mouse: 125 reports a second is its slowest setting, 1000 its fastest and its default.
    • Other mice may report less or more often, and a browser cannot always measure a very fast one.
    Provjereno
    "Change the Report Rate, if you prefer something other than the default of 1000 reports/second (1ms response time). The Report Rate controls how often your mouse updates its position to the computer. NOTE: The possible range is from 125/sec (8ms response time) to 1000/sec (1ms response time)." (2026-10-06, https://support.logi.com/hc/en-us/articles/360023183294-Customize-G-PRO-gaming-mouse-pointer-settings-with-Logitech-Gaming-Software)

  31. MDN Web Docs (Mozilla) (2026). Window: requestAnimationFrame() method

    MDN Web Docs. Navodi sam izvor. https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window/requestAnimationFrame

    Ko je učestvovao
    Screens that web pages are drawn on, as the reference describes them
    Prikupljeno
    Reference page as shown on 2026-10-06
    Šta je mjereno
    The reference's statement of the most common screen refresh rates
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    donja granica 60Hz; gornja granica 144Hz
    Koristi
    Refresh rate test: koliko Hz ima vaš ekran
    Imaj na umu
    • 60 Hz is the most common rate; 75, 120 and 144 Hz are also widely used, and some screens run faster still.
    • A statement of what is common, not a survey of screens.
    Provjereno
    "The frequency of calls to the callback function will generally match the display refresh rate. The most common refresh rate is 60hz, (60 cycles/frames per second), though 75hz, 120hz, and 144hz are also widely used." (2026-10-06, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window/requestAnimationFrame)

  32. Kajonius, P. J., & Johnson, J. A. (2019). Assessing the structure of the Five Factor Model of Personality (IPIP-NEO-120) in the public domain

    Europe's Journal of Psychology, 15(2), 260–275. Recenzirano. doi:10.5964/ejop.v15i2.1671

    Osoba
    320.128
    Ko je učestvovao
    Volunteers in the United States aged 19 to 69 (mean age 28.1; 60% women) who answered all 120 items on a website
    Prikupljeno
    An online survey offering feedback on the Big Five; dates not reported; published June 2019
    Šta je mjereno
    IPIP-NEO-120 self-report, 1 to 5 per item; a facet is the sum of its four items, a domain the average of its six facets (here: their sum)
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 66,6points; raspršenost (SD) 15,96points
    Koristi
    Big Five test ličnosti
    Imaj na umu
    • Volunteers who looked for a personality test online, not a random sample of a country.
    • The paper averages a domain's six facets; the test adds them up, so its figures are the paper's times six.
    • English answers only: a result in another language gets five rough levels.
    Provjereno
    Table A1, "Sample Descriptive Statistics of 5 Trait Domains and 30 Facets" (Trait domain, M, SD): "Neuroticism 11.10 2.66", "Extraversion 13.69 2.36", "Openness 13.71 2.06", "Agreeableness 14.87 2.01", "Conscientiousness 14.95 2.34". Note: "N = 320,128. … The facet trait scales ranged from 4 (Min) to 20 (Max)." Method: "Six facet traits in turn are averaged into one trait factor." (2026-10-06, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7871748/)

  33. Kajonius, P. J., & Johnson, J. A. (2019). Assessing the structure of the Five Factor Model of Personality (IPIP-NEO-120) in the public domain

    Europe's Journal of Psychology, 15(2), 260–275. Recenzirano. doi:10.5964/ejop.v15i2.1671

    Osoba
    320.128
    Ko je učestvovao
    Volunteers in the United States aged 19 to 69 (mean age 28.1; 60% women) who answered all 120 items on a website
    Prikupljeno
    An online survey offering feedback on the Big Five; dates not reported; published June 2019
    Šta je mjereno
    IPIP-NEO-120 self-report, 1 to 5 per item; a facet is the sum of its four items, a domain the average of its six facets (here: their sum)
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 82,14points; raspršenost (SD) 14,16points
    Koristi
    Big Five test ličnosti
    Imaj na umu
    • Volunteers who looked for a personality test online, not a random sample of a country.
    • The paper averages a domain's six facets; the test adds them up, so its figures are the paper's times six.
    • English answers only: a result in another language gets five rough levels.
    Provjereno
    Table A1, "Sample Descriptive Statistics of 5 Trait Domains and 30 Facets" (Trait domain, M, SD): "Neuroticism 11.10 2.66", "Extraversion 13.69 2.36", "Openness 13.71 2.06", "Agreeableness 14.87 2.01", "Conscientiousness 14.95 2.34". Note: "N = 320,128. … The facet trait scales ranged from 4 (Min) to 20 (Max)." Method: "Six facet traits in turn are averaged into one trait factor." (2026-10-06, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7871748/)

  34. Kajonius, P. J., & Johnson, J. A. (2019). Assessing the structure of the Five Factor Model of Personality (IPIP-NEO-120) in the public domain

    Europe's Journal of Psychology, 15(2), 260–275. Recenzirano. doi:10.5964/ejop.v15i2.1671

    Osoba
    320.128
    Ko je učestvovao
    Volunteers in the United States aged 19 to 69 (mean age 28.1; 60% women) who answered all 120 items on a website
    Prikupljeno
    An online survey offering feedback on the Big Five; dates not reported; published June 2019
    Šta je mjereno
    IPIP-NEO-120 self-report, 1 to 5 per item; a facet is the sum of its four items, a domain the average of its six facets (here: their sum)
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 82,26points; raspršenost (SD) 12,36points
    Koristi
    Big Five test ličnosti
    Imaj na umu
    • Volunteers who looked for a personality test online, not a random sample of a country.
    • The paper averages a domain's six facets; the test adds them up, so its figures are the paper's times six.
    • English answers only: a result in another language gets five rough levels.
    Provjereno
    Table A1, "Sample Descriptive Statistics of 5 Trait Domains and 30 Facets" (Trait domain, M, SD): "Neuroticism 11.10 2.66", "Extraversion 13.69 2.36", "Openness 13.71 2.06", "Agreeableness 14.87 2.01", "Conscientiousness 14.95 2.34". Note: "N = 320,128. … The facet trait scales ranged from 4 (Min) to 20 (Max)." Method: "Six facet traits in turn are averaged into one trait factor." (2026-10-06, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7871748/)

  35. Kajonius, P. J., & Johnson, J. A. (2019). Assessing the structure of the Five Factor Model of Personality (IPIP-NEO-120) in the public domain

    Europe's Journal of Psychology, 15(2), 260–275. Recenzirano. doi:10.5964/ejop.v15i2.1671

    Osoba
    320.128
    Ko je učestvovao
    Volunteers in the United States aged 19 to 69 (mean age 28.1; 60% women) who answered all 120 items on a website
    Prikupljeno
    An online survey offering feedback on the Big Five; dates not reported; published June 2019
    Šta je mjereno
    IPIP-NEO-120 self-report, 1 to 5 per item; a facet is the sum of its four items, a domain the average of its six facets (here: their sum)
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 89,22points; raspršenost (SD) 12,06points
    Koristi
    Big Five test ličnosti
    Imaj na umu
    • Volunteers who looked for a personality test online, not a random sample of a country.
    • The paper averages a domain's six facets; the test adds them up, so its figures are the paper's times six.
    • English answers only: a result in another language gets five rough levels.
    Provjereno
    Table A1, "Sample Descriptive Statistics of 5 Trait Domains and 30 Facets" (Trait domain, M, SD): "Neuroticism 11.10 2.66", "Extraversion 13.69 2.36", "Openness 13.71 2.06", "Agreeableness 14.87 2.01", "Conscientiousness 14.95 2.34". Note: "N = 320,128. … The facet trait scales ranged from 4 (Min) to 20 (Max)." Method: "Six facet traits in turn are averaged into one trait factor." (2026-10-06, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7871748/)

  36. Kajonius, P. J., & Johnson, J. A. (2019). Assessing the structure of the Five Factor Model of Personality (IPIP-NEO-120) in the public domain

    Europe's Journal of Psychology, 15(2), 260–275. Recenzirano. doi:10.5964/ejop.v15i2.1671

    Osoba
    320.128
    Ko je učestvovao
    Volunteers in the United States aged 19 to 69 (mean age 28.1; 60% women) who answered all 120 items on a website
    Prikupljeno
    An online survey offering feedback on the Big Five; dates not reported; published June 2019
    Šta je mjereno
    IPIP-NEO-120 self-report, 1 to 5 per item; a facet is the sum of its four items, a domain the average of its six facets (here: their sum)
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 89,7points; raspršenost (SD) 14,04points
    Koristi
    Big Five test ličnosti
    Imaj na umu
    • Volunteers who looked for a personality test online, not a random sample of a country.
    • The paper averages a domain's six facets; the test adds them up, so its figures are the paper's times six.
    • English answers only: a result in another language gets five rough levels.
    Provjereno
    Table A1, "Sample Descriptive Statistics of 5 Trait Domains and 30 Facets" (Trait domain, M, SD): "Neuroticism 11.10 2.66", "Extraversion 13.69 2.36", "Openness 13.71 2.06", "Agreeableness 14.87 2.01", "Conscientiousness 14.95 2.34". Note: "N = 320,128. … The facet trait scales ranged from 4 (Min) to 20 (Max)." Method: "Six facet traits in turn are averaged into one trait factor." (2026-10-06, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7871748/)

  37. Cho, H., Chen, Y., & Wallraven, C. (2026). Self-reported binary gender prediction from personality traits: Alignment between machine learning importance and classical effect sizes

    PLOS One, 21(8). Recenzirano. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0355193

    Osoba
    18.062
    Ko je učestvovao
    18,062 online volunteers aged 16 to 90 who took the 50-item IPIP questionnaire on the open-source psychometrics website and gave their gender as female or male; mostly from Western countries
    Prikupljeno
    Online, until May 2014 (the open-source psychometrics project); published 2026
    Šta je mjereno
    IPIP Big-Five factor markers, 50 statements answered on five points; each trait the average of its ten answers, the reverse-keyed ones turned round
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 3,028mean answer (1–5); raspršenost (SD) 0,919mean answer (1–5)
    Koristi
    Test ličnosti
    Imaj na umu
    • Volunteers on one website, not a sample of any country; people who gave no binary gender were left out.
    • Placed only roughly, in five levels: a higher or lower place is no judgement of a person.
    • The paper reports neuroticism, the other end of emotional stability, so emotional stability is not compared.
    Provjereno
    Datasets: "The Big5 dataset was based on the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) FFM-50 questionnaire, consisting of 50 Likert-type items rated on a five-point scale." Table 1, dataset "Big5 N = 18,062", column "Raw score": "E. Extraversion 3.028 ± 0.919". Rows as printed: "E. Extraversion 3.028 ± 0.919", "A. Agreeableness 3.866 ± 0.705", "C. Conscientiousness 3.370 ± 0.727", "N. Neuroticism 3.078 ± 0.862", "O. Openness 3.913 ± 0.621". (2026-10-06, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0355193)

  38. Cho, H., Chen, Y., & Wallraven, C. (2026). Self-reported binary gender prediction from personality traits: Alignment between machine learning importance and classical effect sizes

    PLOS One, 21(8). Recenzirano. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0355193

    Osoba
    18.062
    Ko je učestvovao
    18,062 online volunteers aged 16 to 90 who took the 50-item IPIP questionnaire on the open-source psychometrics website and gave their gender as female or male; mostly from Western countries
    Prikupljeno
    Online, until May 2014 (the open-source psychometrics project); published 2026
    Šta je mjereno
    IPIP Big-Five factor markers, 50 statements answered on five points; each trait the average of its ten answers, the reverse-keyed ones turned round
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 3,866mean answer (1–5); raspršenost (SD) 0,705mean answer (1–5)
    Koristi
    Test ličnosti
    Imaj na umu
    • Volunteers on one website, not a sample of any country; people who gave no binary gender were left out.
    • Placed only roughly, in five levels: a higher or lower place is no judgement of a person.
    • The paper reports neuroticism, the other end of emotional stability, so emotional stability is not compared.
    Provjereno
    Datasets: "The Big5 dataset was based on the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) FFM-50 questionnaire, consisting of 50 Likert-type items rated on a five-point scale." Table 1, dataset "Big5 N = 18,062", column "Raw score": "A. Agreeableness 3.866 ± 0.705". Rows as printed: "E. Extraversion 3.028 ± 0.919", "A. Agreeableness 3.866 ± 0.705", "C. Conscientiousness 3.370 ± 0.727", "N. Neuroticism 3.078 ± 0.862", "O. Openness 3.913 ± 0.621". (2026-10-06, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0355193)

  39. Cho, H., Chen, Y., & Wallraven, C. (2026). Self-reported binary gender prediction from personality traits: Alignment between machine learning importance and classical effect sizes

    PLOS One, 21(8). Recenzirano. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0355193

    Osoba
    18.062
    Ko je učestvovao
    18,062 online volunteers aged 16 to 90 who took the 50-item IPIP questionnaire on the open-source psychometrics website and gave their gender as female or male; mostly from Western countries
    Prikupljeno
    Online, until May 2014 (the open-source psychometrics project); published 2026
    Šta je mjereno
    IPIP Big-Five factor markers, 50 statements answered on five points; each trait the average of its ten answers, the reverse-keyed ones turned round
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 3,37mean answer (1–5); raspršenost (SD) 0,727mean answer (1–5)
    Koristi
    Test ličnosti
    Imaj na umu
    • Volunteers on one website, not a sample of any country; people who gave no binary gender were left out.
    • Placed only roughly, in five levels: a higher or lower place is no judgement of a person.
    • The paper reports neuroticism, the other end of emotional stability, so emotional stability is not compared.
    Provjereno
    Datasets: "The Big5 dataset was based on the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) FFM-50 questionnaire, consisting of 50 Likert-type items rated on a five-point scale." Table 1, dataset "Big5 N = 18,062", column "Raw score": "C. Conscientiousness 3.370 ± 0.727". Rows as printed: "E. Extraversion 3.028 ± 0.919", "A. Agreeableness 3.866 ± 0.705", "C. Conscientiousness 3.370 ± 0.727", "N. Neuroticism 3.078 ± 0.862", "O. Openness 3.913 ± 0.621". (2026-10-06, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0355193)

  40. Cho, H., Chen, Y., & Wallraven, C. (2026). Self-reported binary gender prediction from personality traits: Alignment between machine learning importance and classical effect sizes

    PLOS One, 21(8). Recenzirano. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0355193

    Osoba
    18.062
    Ko je učestvovao
    18,062 online volunteers aged 16 to 90 who took the 50-item IPIP questionnaire on the open-source psychometrics website and gave their gender as female or male; mostly from Western countries
    Prikupljeno
    Online, until May 2014 (the open-source psychometrics project); published 2026
    Šta je mjereno
    IPIP Big-Five factor markers, 50 statements answered on five points; each trait the average of its ten answers, the reverse-keyed ones turned round
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 3,913mean answer (1–5); raspršenost (SD) 0,621mean answer (1–5)
    Koristi
    Test ličnosti
    Imaj na umu
    • Volunteers on one website, not a sample of any country; people who gave no binary gender were left out.
    • Placed only roughly, in five levels: a higher or lower place is no judgement of a person.
    • The paper reports neuroticism, the other end of emotional stability, so emotional stability is not compared.
    Provjereno
    Datasets: "The Big5 dataset was based on the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) FFM-50 questionnaire, consisting of 50 Likert-type items rated on a five-point scale." Table 1, dataset "Big5 N = 18,062", column "Raw score": "O. Openness 3.913 ± 0.621". Rows as printed: "E. Extraversion 3.028 ± 0.919", "A. Agreeableness 3.866 ± 0.705", "C. Conscientiousness 3.370 ± 0.727", "N. Neuroticism 3.078 ± 0.862", "O. Openness 3.913 ± 0.621". (2026-10-06, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0355193)

  41. Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B., Jr. (2003). A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains

    Journal of Research in Personality, 37(6), 504–528. Recenzirano. doi:10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1

    Osoba
    1.813
    Ko je učestvovao
    Undergraduates at the University of Texas at Austin (65% women), tested for course credit
    Prikupljeno
    Dates not reported; published 2003
    Šta je mjereno
    Ten-Item Personality Inventory, self-report on a 7-point scale; each trait is the mean of two items
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 4,44points; raspršenost (SD) 1,45points
    Koristi
    Brzi test ličnosti
    Imaj na umu
    • Students at one US university, not a population norm.
    • Scores move in half-point steps, so a percentile is approximate.
    Provjereno
    Appendix B, "Normative data for the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI): Self-reported data", whole sample, all ethnicities (N = 1813), columns E, A, C, ES, O: "Mean 4.44 5.23 5.40 4.83 5.38"; "SD 1.45 1.11 1.32 1.42 1.07". (2026-10-01, https://gosling.psy.utexas.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/JRP-03-tipi.pdf)

  42. Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B., Jr. (2003). A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains

    Journal of Research in Personality, 37(6), 504–528. Recenzirano. doi:10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1

    Osoba
    1.813
    Ko je učestvovao
    Undergraduates at the University of Texas at Austin (65% women), tested for course credit
    Prikupljeno
    Dates not reported; published 2003
    Šta je mjereno
    Ten-Item Personality Inventory, self-report on a 7-point scale; each trait is the mean of two items
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 5,23points; raspršenost (SD) 1,11points
    Koristi
    Brzi test ličnosti
    Imaj na umu
    • Students at one US university, not a population norm.
    • Scores move in half-point steps, so a percentile is approximate.
    Provjereno
    Appendix B, "Normative data for the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI): Self-reported data", whole sample, all ethnicities (N = 1813), columns E, A, C, ES, O: "Mean 4.44 5.23 5.40 4.83 5.38"; "SD 1.45 1.11 1.32 1.42 1.07". (2026-10-01, https://gosling.psy.utexas.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/JRP-03-tipi.pdf)

  43. Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B., Jr. (2003). A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains

    Journal of Research in Personality, 37(6), 504–528. Recenzirano. doi:10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1

    Osoba
    1.813
    Ko je učestvovao
    Undergraduates at the University of Texas at Austin (65% women), tested for course credit
    Prikupljeno
    Dates not reported; published 2003
    Šta je mjereno
    Ten-Item Personality Inventory, self-report on a 7-point scale; each trait is the mean of two items
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 4,83points; raspršenost (SD) 1,42points
    Koristi
    Brzi test ličnosti
    Imaj na umu
    • Students at one US university, not a population norm.
    • Scores move in half-point steps, so a percentile is approximate.
    Provjereno
    Appendix B, "Normative data for the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI): Self-reported data", whole sample, all ethnicities (N = 1813), columns E, A, C, ES, O: "Mean 4.44 5.23 5.40 4.83 5.38"; "SD 1.45 1.11 1.32 1.42 1.07". (2026-10-01, https://gosling.psy.utexas.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/JRP-03-tipi.pdf)

  44. Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B., Jr. (2003). A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains

    Journal of Research in Personality, 37(6), 504–528. Recenzirano. doi:10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1

    Osoba
    1.813
    Ko je učestvovao
    Undergraduates at the University of Texas at Austin (65% women), tested for course credit
    Prikupljeno
    Dates not reported; published 2003
    Šta je mjereno
    Ten-Item Personality Inventory, self-report on a 7-point scale; each trait is the mean of two items
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 5,38points; raspršenost (SD) 1,07points
    Koristi
    Brzi test ličnosti
    Imaj na umu
    • Students at one US university, not a population norm.
    • Scores move in half-point steps, so a percentile is approximate.
    Provjereno
    Appendix B, "Normative data for the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI): Self-reported data", whole sample, all ethnicities (N = 1813), columns E, A, C, ES, O: "Mean 4.44 5.23 5.40 4.83 5.38"; "SD 1.45 1.11 1.32 1.42 1.07". (2026-10-01, https://gosling.psy.utexas.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/JRP-03-tipi.pdf)

  45. Pozzebon, J. A., Visser, B. A., Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., & Goldberg, L. R. (2010). Psychometric characteristics of a public-domain self-report measure of vocational interests: The Oregon Vocational Interest Scales

    Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(2), 168–174. Recenzirano. doi:10.1080/00223890903510431

    Osoba
    665
    Ko je učestvovao
    Adults of a community sample in Eugene and Springfield, Oregon (mean age 62; 57% women; over 98% white)
    Prikupljeno
    Eugene-Springfield Community Sample; the participants' ages are given for 2006; published 2010
    Šta je mjereno
    Oregon Vocational Interest Scales, 92 activities rated from 1 (strongly dislike) to 5 (strongly like); each scale is the mean of its items
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 2,78points; raspršenost (SD) 0,76points
    Koristi
    Test profesionalne orijentacije
    Imaj na umu
    • Older adults of one community in Oregon (mean age 62), not young people choosing a career, so five rough levels are shown, not a percentile.
    • Interests are compared with yourself first: which areas you like most matters more than how you stand against others.
    Provjereno
    Method: "From Goldberg's (1999) Eugene-Springfield (Oregon) Community Sample (ESCS), 665 participants completed the ORVIS, of whom 379 (57%) were women and 286 (43%) were men. In 2006, the participants' mean age was 62 years". Table 1, Community Sample, Total (Mean, SD): "Leadership 2.78 .76", "Organization 2.52 .79", "Altruism 3.15 .70", "Creativity 3.22 .80", "Analysis 2.60 .87", "Production 3.17 .72", "Adventure 2.50 .77", "Erudition 3.58 .69". (2026-10-06, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2822996/)

  46. Pozzebon, J. A., Visser, B. A., Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., & Goldberg, L. R. (2010). Psychometric characteristics of a public-domain self-report measure of vocational interests: The Oregon Vocational Interest Scales

    Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(2), 168–174. Recenzirano. doi:10.1080/00223890903510431

    Osoba
    665
    Ko je učestvovao
    Adults of a community sample in Eugene and Springfield, Oregon (mean age 62; 57% women; over 98% white)
    Prikupljeno
    Eugene-Springfield Community Sample; the participants' ages are given for 2006; published 2010
    Šta je mjereno
    Oregon Vocational Interest Scales, 92 activities rated from 1 (strongly dislike) to 5 (strongly like); each scale is the mean of its items
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 2,52points; raspršenost (SD) 0,79points
    Koristi
    Test profesionalne orijentacije
    Imaj na umu
    • Older adults of one community in Oregon (mean age 62), not young people choosing a career, so five rough levels are shown, not a percentile.
    • Interests are compared with yourself first: which areas you like most matters more than how you stand against others.
    Provjereno
    Method: "From Goldberg's (1999) Eugene-Springfield (Oregon) Community Sample (ESCS), 665 participants completed the ORVIS, of whom 379 (57%) were women and 286 (43%) were men. In 2006, the participants' mean age was 62 years". Table 1, Community Sample, Total (Mean, SD): "Leadership 2.78 .76", "Organization 2.52 .79", "Altruism 3.15 .70", "Creativity 3.22 .80", "Analysis 2.60 .87", "Production 3.17 .72", "Adventure 2.50 .77", "Erudition 3.58 .69". (2026-10-06, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2822996/)

  47. Pozzebon, J. A., Visser, B. A., Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., & Goldberg, L. R. (2010). Psychometric characteristics of a public-domain self-report measure of vocational interests: The Oregon Vocational Interest Scales

    Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(2), 168–174. Recenzirano. doi:10.1080/00223890903510431

    Osoba
    665
    Ko je učestvovao
    Adults of a community sample in Eugene and Springfield, Oregon (mean age 62; 57% women; over 98% white)
    Prikupljeno
    Eugene-Springfield Community Sample; the participants' ages are given for 2006; published 2010
    Šta je mjereno
    Oregon Vocational Interest Scales, 92 activities rated from 1 (strongly dislike) to 5 (strongly like); each scale is the mean of its items
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 3,15points; raspršenost (SD) 0,7points
    Koristi
    Test profesionalne orijentacije
    Imaj na umu
    • Older adults of one community in Oregon (mean age 62), not young people choosing a career, so five rough levels are shown, not a percentile.
    • Interests are compared with yourself first: which areas you like most matters more than how you stand against others.
    Provjereno
    Method: "From Goldberg's (1999) Eugene-Springfield (Oregon) Community Sample (ESCS), 665 participants completed the ORVIS, of whom 379 (57%) were women and 286 (43%) were men. In 2006, the participants' mean age was 62 years". Table 1, Community Sample, Total (Mean, SD): "Leadership 2.78 .76", "Organization 2.52 .79", "Altruism 3.15 .70", "Creativity 3.22 .80", "Analysis 2.60 .87", "Production 3.17 .72", "Adventure 2.50 .77", "Erudition 3.58 .69". (2026-10-06, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2822996/)

  48. Pozzebon, J. A., Visser, B. A., Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., & Goldberg, L. R. (2010). Psychometric characteristics of a public-domain self-report measure of vocational interests: The Oregon Vocational Interest Scales

    Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(2), 168–174. Recenzirano. doi:10.1080/00223890903510431

    Osoba
    665
    Ko je učestvovao
    Adults of a community sample in Eugene and Springfield, Oregon (mean age 62; 57% women; over 98% white)
    Prikupljeno
    Eugene-Springfield Community Sample; the participants' ages are given for 2006; published 2010
    Šta je mjereno
    Oregon Vocational Interest Scales, 92 activities rated from 1 (strongly dislike) to 5 (strongly like); each scale is the mean of its items
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 3,22points; raspršenost (SD) 0,8points
    Koristi
    Test profesionalne orijentacije
    Imaj na umu
    • Older adults of one community in Oregon (mean age 62), not young people choosing a career, so five rough levels are shown, not a percentile.
    • Interests are compared with yourself first: which areas you like most matters more than how you stand against others.
    Provjereno
    Method: "From Goldberg's (1999) Eugene-Springfield (Oregon) Community Sample (ESCS), 665 participants completed the ORVIS, of whom 379 (57%) were women and 286 (43%) were men. In 2006, the participants' mean age was 62 years". Table 1, Community Sample, Total (Mean, SD): "Leadership 2.78 .76", "Organization 2.52 .79", "Altruism 3.15 .70", "Creativity 3.22 .80", "Analysis 2.60 .87", "Production 3.17 .72", "Adventure 2.50 .77", "Erudition 3.58 .69". (2026-10-06, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2822996/)

  49. Pozzebon, J. A., Visser, B. A., Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., & Goldberg, L. R. (2010). Psychometric characteristics of a public-domain self-report measure of vocational interests: The Oregon Vocational Interest Scales

    Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(2), 168–174. Recenzirano. doi:10.1080/00223890903510431

    Osoba
    665
    Ko je učestvovao
    Adults of a community sample in Eugene and Springfield, Oregon (mean age 62; 57% women; over 98% white)
    Prikupljeno
    Eugene-Springfield Community Sample; the participants' ages are given for 2006; published 2010
    Šta je mjereno
    Oregon Vocational Interest Scales, 92 activities rated from 1 (strongly dislike) to 5 (strongly like); each scale is the mean of its items
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 2,6points; raspršenost (SD) 0,87points
    Koristi
    Test profesionalne orijentacije
    Imaj na umu
    • Older adults of one community in Oregon (mean age 62), not young people choosing a career, so five rough levels are shown, not a percentile.
    • Interests are compared with yourself first: which areas you like most matters more than how you stand against others.
    Provjereno
    Method: "From Goldberg's (1999) Eugene-Springfield (Oregon) Community Sample (ESCS), 665 participants completed the ORVIS, of whom 379 (57%) were women and 286 (43%) were men. In 2006, the participants' mean age was 62 years". Table 1, Community Sample, Total (Mean, SD): "Leadership 2.78 .76", "Organization 2.52 .79", "Altruism 3.15 .70", "Creativity 3.22 .80", "Analysis 2.60 .87", "Production 3.17 .72", "Adventure 2.50 .77", "Erudition 3.58 .69". (2026-10-06, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2822996/)

  50. Pozzebon, J. A., Visser, B. A., Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., & Goldberg, L. R. (2010). Psychometric characteristics of a public-domain self-report measure of vocational interests: The Oregon Vocational Interest Scales

    Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(2), 168–174. Recenzirano. doi:10.1080/00223890903510431

    Osoba
    665
    Ko je učestvovao
    Adults of a community sample in Eugene and Springfield, Oregon (mean age 62; 57% women; over 98% white)
    Prikupljeno
    Eugene-Springfield Community Sample; the participants' ages are given for 2006; published 2010
    Šta je mjereno
    Oregon Vocational Interest Scales, 92 activities rated from 1 (strongly dislike) to 5 (strongly like); each scale is the mean of its items
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 3,17points; raspršenost (SD) 0,72points
    Koristi
    Test profesionalne orijentacije
    Imaj na umu
    • Older adults of one community in Oregon (mean age 62), not young people choosing a career, so five rough levels are shown, not a percentile.
    • Interests are compared with yourself first: which areas you like most matters more than how you stand against others.
    Provjereno
    Method: "From Goldberg's (1999) Eugene-Springfield (Oregon) Community Sample (ESCS), 665 participants completed the ORVIS, of whom 379 (57%) were women and 286 (43%) were men. In 2006, the participants' mean age was 62 years". Table 1, Community Sample, Total (Mean, SD): "Leadership 2.78 .76", "Organization 2.52 .79", "Altruism 3.15 .70", "Creativity 3.22 .80", "Analysis 2.60 .87", "Production 3.17 .72", "Adventure 2.50 .77", "Erudition 3.58 .69". (2026-10-06, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2822996/)

  51. Pozzebon, J. A., Visser, B. A., Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., & Goldberg, L. R. (2010). Psychometric characteristics of a public-domain self-report measure of vocational interests: The Oregon Vocational Interest Scales

    Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(2), 168–174. Recenzirano. doi:10.1080/00223890903510431

    Osoba
    665
    Ko je učestvovao
    Adults of a community sample in Eugene and Springfield, Oregon (mean age 62; 57% women; over 98% white)
    Prikupljeno
    Eugene-Springfield Community Sample; the participants' ages are given for 2006; published 2010
    Šta je mjereno
    Oregon Vocational Interest Scales, 92 activities rated from 1 (strongly dislike) to 5 (strongly like); each scale is the mean of its items
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 2,5points; raspršenost (SD) 0,77points
    Koristi
    Test profesionalne orijentacije
    Imaj na umu
    • Older adults of one community in Oregon (mean age 62), not young people choosing a career, so five rough levels are shown, not a percentile.
    • Interests are compared with yourself first: which areas you like most matters more than how you stand against others.
    Provjereno
    Method: "From Goldberg's (1999) Eugene-Springfield (Oregon) Community Sample (ESCS), 665 participants completed the ORVIS, of whom 379 (57%) were women and 286 (43%) were men. In 2006, the participants' mean age was 62 years". Table 1, Community Sample, Total (Mean, SD): "Leadership 2.78 .76", "Organization 2.52 .79", "Altruism 3.15 .70", "Creativity 3.22 .80", "Analysis 2.60 .87", "Production 3.17 .72", "Adventure 2.50 .77", "Erudition 3.58 .69". (2026-10-06, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2822996/)

  52. Davis, A. C., Vaillancourt, T., & Arnocky, S. (2026). The Dark Tetrad Traits Differentially Predict Gossip Frequency and Motives

    Behavioral Sciences, 16(9), 1556. Recenzirano. doi:10.3390/bs16091556

    Osoba
    516
    Ko je učestvovao
    516 adults in North America aged 18 to 61 (mean age 37.9), recruited and paid through Amazon Mechanical Turk
    Prikupljeno
    Online survey on Amazon Mechanical Turk; dates not reported; published 2026
    Šta je mjereno
    Short Dark Tetrad (SD4), 28 English statements, answered from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree); each scale the mean of its seven answers
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 3,39mean score (1–5); raspršenost (SD) 0,77mean score (1–5)
    Koristi
    Dark triad test: mračna trijada ličnosti
    Imaj na umu
    • One online sample of paid survey takers in North America, not a norm.
    • Placed only roughly, in five levels: a higher or lower score is no judgement of a person.
    Provjereno
    2.1: "the final analytic sample included 516 adults". Table 2, column 2 (Machiavellianism): N 516, M 3.39, SD 0.77. Table 2 rows as printed, columns 1 to 4 (Narcissism, Machiavellianism, Psychopathy, Sadism): "M 2.88 3.39 2.17 2.54" and "SD 0.93 0.77 1.01 1.00". (2026-10-06, https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16091556)

  53. Davis, A. C., Vaillancourt, T., & Arnocky, S. (2026). The Dark Tetrad Traits Differentially Predict Gossip Frequency and Motives

    Behavioral Sciences, 16(9), 1556. Recenzirano. doi:10.3390/bs16091556

    Osoba
    516
    Ko je učestvovao
    516 adults in North America aged 18 to 61 (mean age 37.9), recruited and paid through Amazon Mechanical Turk
    Prikupljeno
    Online survey on Amazon Mechanical Turk; dates not reported; published 2026
    Šta je mjereno
    Short Dark Tetrad (SD4), 28 English statements, answered from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree); each scale the mean of its seven answers
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 2,88mean score (1–5); raspršenost (SD) 0,93mean score (1–5)
    Koristi
    Dark triad test: mračna trijada ličnosti
    Imaj na umu
    • One online sample of paid survey takers in North America, not a norm.
    • Placed only roughly, in five levels: a higher or lower score is no judgement of a person.
    Provjereno
    2.1: "the final analytic sample included 516 adults". Table 2, column 1 (Narcissism): N 516, M 2.88, SD 0.93. Table 2 rows as printed, columns 1 to 4 (Narcissism, Machiavellianism, Psychopathy, Sadism): "M 2.88 3.39 2.17 2.54" and "SD 0.93 0.77 1.01 1.00". (2026-10-06, https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16091556)

  54. Davis, A. C., Vaillancourt, T., & Arnocky, S. (2026). The Dark Tetrad Traits Differentially Predict Gossip Frequency and Motives

    Behavioral Sciences, 16(9), 1556. Recenzirano. doi:10.3390/bs16091556

    Osoba
    516
    Ko je učestvovao
    516 adults in North America aged 18 to 61 (mean age 37.9), recruited and paid through Amazon Mechanical Turk
    Prikupljeno
    Online survey on Amazon Mechanical Turk; dates not reported; published 2026
    Šta je mjereno
    Short Dark Tetrad (SD4), 28 English statements, answered from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree); each scale the mean of its seven answers
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 2,17mean score (1–5); raspršenost (SD) 1,01mean score (1–5)
    Koristi
    Dark triad test: mračna trijada ličnosti
    Imaj na umu
    • One online sample of paid survey takers in North America, not a norm.
    • Placed only roughly, in five levels: a higher or lower score is no judgement of a person.
    Provjereno
    2.1: "the final analytic sample included 516 adults". Table 2, column 3 (Psychopathy): N 516, M 2.17, SD 1.01. Table 2 rows as printed, columns 1 to 4 (Narcissism, Machiavellianism, Psychopathy, Sadism): "M 2.88 3.39 2.17 2.54" and "SD 0.93 0.77 1.01 1.00". (2026-10-06, https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16091556)

  55. Davis, A. C., Vaillancourt, T., & Arnocky, S. (2026). The Dark Tetrad Traits Differentially Predict Gossip Frequency and Motives

    Behavioral Sciences, 16(9), 1556. Recenzirano. doi:10.3390/bs16091556

    Osoba
    516
    Ko je učestvovao
    516 adults in North America aged 18 to 61 (mean age 37.9), recruited and paid through Amazon Mechanical Turk
    Prikupljeno
    Online survey on Amazon Mechanical Turk; dates not reported; published 2026
    Šta je mjereno
    Short Dark Tetrad (SD4), 28 English statements, answered from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree); each scale the mean of its seven answers
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 2,54mean score (1–5); raspršenost (SD) 1mean score (1–5)
    Koristi
    Dark triad test: mračna trijada ličnosti
    Imaj na umu
    • One online sample of paid survey takers in North America, not a norm.
    • Placed only roughly, in five levels: a higher or lower score is no judgement of a person.
    Provjereno
    2.1: "the final analytic sample included 516 adults". Table 2, column 4 (Sadism): N 516, M 2.54, SD 1.00. Table 2 rows as printed, columns 1 to 4 (Narcissism, Machiavellianism, Psychopathy, Sadism): "M 2.88 3.39 2.17 2.54" and "SD 0.93 0.77 1.01 1.00". (2026-10-06, https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16091556)

  56. Moksnes, U. K., Espnes, G. A., Eilertsen, M. E. B., Bjørnsen, H. N., Ringdal, R., & Haugan, G. (2024). Validation of Rosenberg self-esteem scale among Norwegian adolescents – psychometric properties across samples

    BMC Psychology, 12. Recenzirano. doi:10.1186/s40359-024-02004-0

    Osoba
    727
    Ko je učestvovao
    Secondary-school students aged 14 to 20 in Trøndelag, Mid Norway, answering in Norwegian
    Prikupljeno
    2016 (sample 1); published 2024
    Šta je mjereno
    Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: ten statements answered from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree), summed to a total of 10 to 40
    Brojke koje stranica koristi
    prosjek 28,14Rosenberg total (10–40); raspršenost (SD) 5,51Rosenberg total (10–40)
    Koristi
    Test samopouzdanja
    Imaj na umu
    • A different ten-question self-esteem scale (Rosenberg), on four points and summed: only a rough guide, and your score is not placed on it.
    • Teenagers in one part of Norway, answering in Norwegian.
    Provjereno
    Measures: "The total score, obtained by summing the items, ranges from 10 to 40, with higher scores indicating elevated levels of global self-esteem." Table 2, "Means (M), standard deviation (SD) ... in sample 1 (sample 2 in parenthesis)", row "Self-esteem: 10 items", Sample 1: "28.14 (5.51)", "727"; Sample 2: "28.16 (6.40)", "1641". (2026-10-06, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-02004-0)

Izvori članaka Činjenice

  1. Woods, D. L., Wyma, J. M., Yund, E. W., Herron, T. J., & Reed, B. (2015). Factors influencing the latency of simple reaction time

    Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 131. Recenzirano. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00131

    Provjereno
    Abstract: "SRTs were first measured by Francis Galton in the 19th century, who reported visual SRT latencies below 190 ms in young subjects." "Experiment 1 examined a community sample of 1469 subjects ranging in age from 18 to 65. Mean SRT latencies were short (231, 213 ms when corrected for hardware delays) and increased significantly with age (0.55 ms/year), but were unaffected by sex or education." "SDT latencies averaged 131 ms and were unaffected by age. Experiment 2 tested 189 subjects ranging in age from 18 to 82 years in a different laboratory" "age-related increases in SRT latencies are due primarily to slowed motor output." (2026-10-06, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25859198/)

  2. Fozard, J. L., Vercruyssen, M., Reynolds, S. L., Hancock, P. A., & Quilter, R. E. (1994). Age differences and changes in reaction time: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

    Journal of Gerontology, 49(4), P179–P189. Recenzirano. doi:10.1093/geronj/49.4.p179

    Osoba
    1.265
    Ko je učestvovao
    Community volunteers in Baltimore aged 17 to 96
    Provjereno
    Abstract: "This study analyzed auditory reaction time (RT) data from 1,265 community-dwelling volunteers (833 males and 432 females) who ranged in age from 17 to 96." "Repeated testing within participants (longitudinal analyses) over eight years showed consistent slowing and increased variability with age." "Beginning at about age 20, RTs increased at a rate of approximately 0.5 msec/yr for SRT and 1.6 msec/yr for DRT." (2026-10-06, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8014399/)

  3. Jaworski, J., Kosiba, G., & Madejski, E. (2014). An assessment of reaction time development in females using polynomial regression analysis

    Human Movement, 15(2), 80–85. Recenzirano. doi:10.2478/humo-2014-0007

    Osoba
    550
    Ko je učestvovao
    Girls and young women aged 7 to 20 in Poland
    Provjereno
    Abstract: "The study involved 550 females between the ages of 7 and 20 years. Participants completed a computer test measuring simple reaction times to visual and auditory stimuli and choice reaction time during the ontogenetic developmental period." "Best reaction times to visual and auditory stimuli were approximately at the age of 17 years. In turn, quickest choice reaction time was approximately one year earlier in life. The most dynamic increase in the results of both simple reaction times was between the age of 7 and 8 years" (2026-10-06, https://hummov.awf.wroc.pl/An-assessment-of-reaction-time-development-in-females-using-polynomial-regression,183300,0,2.html)

  4. Talboom, J. S., De Both, M. D., Naymik, M. A., et al. (2021). Two separate, large cohorts reveal potential modifiers of age-associated variation in visual reaction time performance

    npj Aging and Mechanisms of Disease, 7, 14. Recenzirano. doi:10.1038/s41514-021-00067-6

    Osoba
    75.666
    Ko je učestvovao
    Visitors to a web-based reaction test (MindCrowd) aged 18 to 85
    Provjereno
    Abstract: "MindCrowd is a cross-sectional web-based assessment of simple visual (sv) reaction time (RT) and paired-associate learning (PAL)." "(ntotal = 75,666, nwomen = 47,700, nmen = 27,966; ages 18-85 years old, mean (M)Age = 46.54, standard deviation (SD)Age = 18.40)" (2026-10-06, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34210964/)

  5. Hartshorne, J. K., & Germine, L. T. (2015). When does cognitive functioning peak? The asynchronous rise and fall of different cognitive abilities across the life span

    Psychological Science, 26(4), 433–443. Recenzirano. doi:10.1177/0956797614567339

    Ko je učestvovao
    Visitors to TestMyBrain.org aged 10 to 69, and the norming samples of two adult test batteries
    Provjereno
    Abstract: "some abilities peak and begin to decline around high school graduation; some abilities plateau in early adulthood, beginning to decline in the 30s; still others do not peak until the 40s or later." Experiment 2: "Participants in Experiment 2 (N=10,394, 10–69 years-old) were visitors to TestMyBrain.org" Results: "the two working memory tasks peaked at around 30 years, significantly later than processing speed (ps<.01) and significantly earlier than vocabulary (ps<.0001)" Experiment 1: "The WAIS-III sample consisted of 2,450 healthy, cognitively-unimpaired Americans" (2026-10-06, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4441622/)

  6. Pain, M. T. G., & Hibbs, A. (2007). Sprint starts and the minimum auditory reaction time

    Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(1), 79–86. Recenzirano. doi:10.1080/02640410600718004

    Ko je učestvovao
    Nine sprinters starting from instrumented blocks
    Provjereno
    Abstract: "The simple auditory reaction time is one of the fastest reaction times and is thought to be rarely less than 100 ms." "Reaction time in nine athletes performing sprint starts in four conditions was measured using starting blocks instrumented with piezoelectric force transducers" "Five of the athletes had mean reaction times of less than 100 ms in at least one condition and 20% of all starts in the first two conditions had a reaction time of less than 100 ms. The results demonstrate that the neuromuscular-physiological component of simple auditory reaction times can be under 85 ms and that EMG latencies can be under 60 ms." (2026-10-06, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17127583/)

  7. World Athletics (2026). Book C, C2.1 Technical Rules, Rule 16 (The start), version in force from 1 July 2026

    World Athletics Book of Rules. Pravila organizacije. https://worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/documents/book-of-rules

    Provjereno
    C2.1 Technical Rules (document "C1.1 & C2.1 - Competition Rules & Technical Rules", dated 01 JUL 2026): "When a World Athletics certified Start Information System is in use, the Starter and/or an assigned Recaller shall wear headphones in order to clearly hear the acoustic signal emitted when the System indicates a possible false start (i.e. when the reaction time is less than 0.100 second)." (2026-10-06, https://worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/documents/book-of-rules)

  8. Thorpe, S., Fize, D., & Marlot, C. (1996). Speed of processing in the human visual system

    Nature, 381(6582), 520–522. Recenzirano. doi:10.1038/381520a0

    Provjereno
    Abstract: "Here we use a go/no-go categorization task in which subjects have to decide whether a previously unseen photograph, flashed on for just 20 ms, contains an animal. ERP analysis revealed a frontal negativity specific to no-go trials that develops roughly 150 ms after stimulus onset. We conclude that the visual processing needed to perform this highly demanding task can be achieved in under 150 ms." (2026-10-06, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8632824/)

  9. Jain, A., Bansal, R., Kumar, A., & Singh, K. D. (2015). A comparative study of visual and auditory reaction times on the basis of gender and physical activity levels of medical first year students

    International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research, 5(2), 124–127. Recenzirano. doi:10.4103/2229-516X.157168

    Osoba
    120
    Ko je učestvovao
    Medical students aged 18 to 20 in Patiala, India
    Provjereno
    Abstract: "The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 healthy medical students in age group of 18-20 years. RT for target stimulus that is, for the beep tone for measuring ART, and red circle for measuring VRT was determined using Inquisit 4.0 (Computer Software) in the laptop. The task was to press the spacebar as soon as the stimulus is presented. Five readings of each stimulus were taken, and their respective fastest RT's for each stimuli were recorded." "In both the sexes' RT to the auditory stimulus was significantly less (P < 0.001) as compared to the visual stimulus." (2026-10-06, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26097821/)

  10. Yoshida, K. T., Kiernan, J. X., Okamura, A. M., & Nunez, C. M. (2023). Exploring human response times to combinations of audio, haptic, and visual stimuli from a mobile device

    IEEE World Haptics Conference 2023 (arXiv:2305.17180). Recenzirano. https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.17180

    Osoba
    20
    Ko je učestvovao
    Adults aged 20 to 29 holding an iPhone 11
    Provjereno
    "Our user study included 20 participants (13 female, 6 male, 1 non-binary; aged 20-29)." "Participants had the shortest response time for the high audio stimulus (405 ± 50 ms) and longest response time for the low visual stimulus (528 ± 105 ms)." "The mean response time is the fastest in the condition with high levels of all three stimuli (mean ± standard deviation, 320 ± 43 ms)" "The fastest mean response time recorded for a particular subject was 250 ms, and the slowest was 819 ms." "The overall mean response time across all conditions was (380 ± 52 ms)." (2026-10-06, https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.17180)

  11. Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) (2026). 2026 Formula 1 Regulations, Section B: Sporting, Issue 07, Article B5.7.2

    FIA, 25 June 2026. Pravila organizacije. https://api.fia.com/system/files/documents/fia_2026_f1_regulations_-_section_b_sporting_-_iss_07_-_2026-06-25.pdf

    Provjereno
    Article B5.7.2: "There will be a standing start, the signal to start the TTCS being given by means of five red lights on the start gantry" "The time interval between the illumination of each of the five red lights in the sequence described above shall be one (1) second." "The time interval between the illumination of the fifth light and all lights being extinguished, to signal the start of the TTCS, is at the sole discretion of the permanent starter." (2026-10-06, https://api.fia.com/system/files/documents/fia_2026_f1_regulations_-_section_b_sporting_-_iss_07_-_2026-06-25.pdf)

  12. Baur, H., Müller, S., Hirschmüller, A., Huber, G., & Mayer, F. (2006). Reactivity, stability, and strength performance capacity in motor sports

    British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40, 906–910. Recenzirano. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.025783

    Ko je učestvovao
    Eight élite racing drivers and ten physically active people of the same age and weight
    Provjereno
    Abstract: "Eight élite racing drivers and 10 physically active controls matched for age and weight were tested in reaction and determination tests." "Racing drivers demonstrated significantly faster reaction times than controls (p = 0.004). However, no significant differences were found for postural stability, leg extensor strength, or arm strength and endurance." (2026-10-06, https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=PMCID:PMC2465029&format=json&resultType=core)

  13. Der, G., & Deary, I. J. (2006). Age and sex differences in reaction time in adulthood: Results from the United Kingdom Health and Lifestyle Survey

    Psychology and Aging, 21(1), 62–73. Recenzirano. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.62

    Osoba
    7.130
    Ko je učestvovao
    Adults in the United Kingdom Health and Lifestyle Survey
    Provjereno
    Abstract: "The authors reanalyzed data for 7,130 adult participants in the United Kingdom Health and Lifestyle Survey" "The authors modeled the age differences in simple and 4-choice reaction time means and variabilities" "Simple RT shows little slowing until around 50, whereas choice RT slows throughout the adult age range." (2026-10-06, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16594792/)

  14. Dhakal, V., Feit, A. M., Kristensson, P. O., & Oulasvirta, A. (2018). Observations on Typing from 136 Million Keystrokes

    Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '18). Recenzirano. doi:10.1145/3173574.3174220

    Provjereno
    "The final dataset includes 136,857,600 keystrokes from 168,960 participants" "The average WPM value for participants is 51.56 (SD = 20.2). The fastest typists in the dataset reach speeds of even 120 WPM or more." "Fast Typists are the typists with speeds higher than that of 90% of participants (above approx. 78 WPM in our data), Slow Typists are those whose performance is among the slowest 10% (less than approx. 26 WPM in our data)" "Trained typists in our sample type, on average, 5 WPM faster than untrained typists" "For fast typists, the average IKI is ∼120 ms, with a standard deviation of only 11 ms, while slow typists have an IKI of over 480 ms" "the average keypress duration is only 116.24 ms (SD = 23.88)" "The average uncorrected error rate of participants is 1.167% (SD = 1.43%)." Table 3, columns all (mean, SD), r, fast (mean, SD), slow (mean, SD): "WPM 51.56 20.20 – 89.56 9.53 20.91 4.05"; "Numb. fingers 6.95 2.95 0.34 8.40 2.20 5.30 3.20"; "Rollover ratio (%) 25.00 17.00 0.73 49.90 14.00 7.60 6.40" (2026-10-06, https://userinterfaces.aalto.fi/136Mkeystrokes/resources/chi-18-analysis.pdf)

  15. Palin, K., Feit, A. M., Kim, S., Kristensson, P. O., & Oulasvirta, A. (2019). How do People Type on Mobile Devices? Observations from a Study with 37,000 Volunteers

    Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI '19). Recenzirano. doi:10.1145/3338286.3340120

    Provjereno
    "On average, participants typed at 36.17 WPM (SD = 13.22) with 75% of participants having a performance below 43.98 WPM. The fastest typists reached over 80 WPM." "Average performance is about 15 WPM slower in mobile typing. Participants left more errors uncorrected on mobile devices (2.34% versus 1.17% [11])." Table 4, WPM all, Age: "10-19 39.6", "20-29 36.5", "30-39 32.2", "40-49 28.9", "50-59 26.3"; Posture: "both, thumbs 38.0", "right, index 26.7". "Over 82% of participants typed using two thumbs." (2026-10-06, https://userinterfaces.aalto.fi/typing37k/resources/Mobile_typing_study.pdf)

  16. National Court Reporters Association (2026). Registered Professional Reporter (RPR)

    ncra.org, certification requirements. Pravila organizacije. https://www.ncra.org/certification/NCRA-Certifications/registered-professional-reporter

    Provjereno
    The RPR skills test: "Literary at 180 wpm", "Jury Charge at 200 wpm", "Testimony/Q&A at 225 wpm". "You must have 95 percent accuracy on each leg to pass." (2026-10-06, https://www.ncra.org/certification/NCRA-Certifications/registered-professional-reporter)

  17. Guinness World Records (2024). Fastest time to type the alphabet

    guinnessworldrecords.com. Rekord. https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/fastest-time-to-type-the-alphabet

    Provjereno
    "The fastest time to type the alphabet is 3.25 seconds and was achieved by Shashank (India) in Chittapur, Karnataka, India, on 25 February 2024." (2026-10-06, https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/fastest-time-to-type-the-alphabet)

  18. Guinness World Records (2026). Most mouse clicks in one minute (case study: Logitech Türkiye)

    guinnessworldrecords.com. Rekord. https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/business-solutions/case-studies/logitech-turkiye-en

    Provjereno
    "Most mouse clicks in one minute" "Logitech G attempted to break the Guinness World Records title by teaming up with a popular esports champion, Yiğit Arslan, known as Yigox, a young professional gamer only 18 years old." "[Fact alert: This was a brand-new record category. The minimum to achieve was set at 750 clicks.]" "On 10 February 2026 in Istanbul, Türkiye, Yiğit sat down with the PRO X2 SUPERSTRIKE mouse." "When the timer stopped, the final count was clear. 760 clicks. And A new Guinness World Records title was achieved for Most mouse clicks in one minute." (2026-10-06, https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/business-solutions/case-studies/logitech-turkiye-en)

  19. Kuboyama, N., Nabetani, T., Shibuya, K., Machida, K., & Ogaki, T. (2004). The effect of maximal finger tapping on cerebral activation

    Journal of Physiological Anthropology and Applied Human Science, 23(4), 105–110. Recenzirano. doi:10.2114/jpa.23.105

    Ko je učestvovao
    Nine right-handed healthy adults (mean age 27.4)
    Provjereno
    Abstract: "Nine right-handed healthy subjects [age: 27.4±4.8 yr, ...] participated in this study." "An auditory-cued, repetitive flexion movement of the right index finger against a button was performed as the finger-tapping task at maximal effort (ME), at 25% of maximal effort (25% ME) and at 50% of maximal effort (50% ME)." "The frequency of finger-tapping was 1.61±0.18 Hz (25% ME trial), 3.23±0.36 Hz (50% ME trial), and 6.46±0.72 Hz (ME trial)." (2026-10-06, https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jpa/23/4/23_4_105/_article)

  20. Ekşioğlu, M., & İşeri, A. (2015). An estimation of finger-tapping rates and load capacities and the effects of various factors

    Human Factors, 57(4), 634–648. Recenzirano. doi:10.1177/0018720814563976

    Osoba
    148
    Ko je učestvovao
    Healthy adults tapping keys of a standard keyboard
    Provjereno
    Abstract: "A 1-min tapping task was performed by 148 participants with maximum volitional tempo for each of eight fingers. For each of the tapping tasks, the participant with the corresponding finger tapped the associated key in the standard position on the home row of a conventional keyboard for touch typing." "The index and middle fingers were the fastest fingers for both hands, and little fingers the slowest." "Tapping rate decreased with age and smokers tapped faster than nonsmokers. Tapping duration and exercise had also significant effect on tapping rate." (the aim: "to estimate the finger-tapping rates and finger load capacities of eight fingers (excluding thumbs) for a healthy adult population") (2026-10-06, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25850109/)

  21. Inoue, S., & Matsuzawa, T. (2007). Working memory of numerals in chimpanzees

    Current Biology, 17(23), R1004–R1005. Recenzirano. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.027

    Ko je učestvovao
    Six chimpanzees of the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, and nine university students
    Provjereno
    "Our subjects were six chimpanzees, three mother–offspring pairs." "In 2004, when the three young reached the age of four years, we began to teach the mother–offspring pairs the sequence of Arabic numerals from 1 to 9" "It must be noted that the chance level of this task is very low: p= 1/24 with four numerals, 1/120 with five numerals" "Three different hold duration conditions were tested: 650, 430 and 210 milliseconds." "The shortest duration, 210 milliseconds, is close to the frequency of occurrence of human saccadic eye movement" "We compared Ai, the best mother performer, Ayumu, the best young performer, and human subjects (n = 9, all university students) in this task." "The number of numerals was limited to five items." "Ayumu outperformed all of the human subjects both in speed and accuracy." "Our results may be reminiscent of the phenomenon known as 'eidetic imagery' found by Jaensch" "It is known to be present in a relatively high percentage of normal children, and then the ability declines with age." Figure 2: "Each session consists of 50 trials. Each chimpanzee received 10 sessions and each of 9 humans received a single test session." (2026-10-06, https://www.gwern.net/docs/www/www.cell.com/566764ff1ec0be394841f7c1ef51d8604468abe4.pdf)

  22. Silberberg, A., & Kearns, D. (2009). Memory for the order of briefly presented numerals in humans as a function of practice

    Animal Cognition, 12, 405–407. Recenzirano. doi:10.1007/s10071-008-0206-8

    Ko je učestvovao
    The two authors, aged 63 and 33
    Provjereno
    Abstract: "Inoue and Matsuzawa (Curr Biol 17: R1004–R1005, 2007) showed that with an accuracy of approximately 79%, the juvenile chimpanzee, Ayumu, could recall the position and order of a random subset of five Arabic numerals between one and nine when those numerals were presented for only 210 ms" "None of nine humans working on the same task approached this level of accuracy." "The present report shows that when two humans are given practice in the Inoue and Matsuzawa (2007) memory task, their accuracy levels match those of Ayumu." Introduction: "when the latency to masking was reduced to 210 ms, Ayumu's performance was largely unchanged, while that of humans dropped to a mean of about 38%". Methods: "Alan Silberberg, a 63-year-old male and David Kearns, a 33-year-old male". Figure 1: "David completed 84 sessions" (2026-10-06, https://www.gwern.net/doc/algernon/2009-silberberg.pdf)

  23. Cook, P., & Wilson, M. (2010). Do young chimpanzees have extraordinary working memory?

    Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17(4), 599–600. Recenzirano. doi:10.3758/PBR.17.4.599

    Ko je učestvovao
    Two undergraduate research assistants
    Provjereno
    Abstract: "Here we report that, after adequate practice, 2 university students substantially outperformed the chimpanzee. There is no evidence for a superior or qualitatively different spatial memory system in chimpanzees." "Training involved approximately 200 trials per day, 5 or 6 days a week, and began in 2005." "Performance on the second block was 46% and 38% percent for subjects J.S. and T.E., respectively" "the chimpanzee exposure times during training were approximately 650 msec" "Subjects ran 4 blocks of 50 trials per day, 5 days a week, until a total of 300 blocks was reached." "Performance on the posttest was 94% for T.E. and 96% for J.S., substantially better than Inoue and Matsuzawa's human subjects and better than Ayumu" "Performance in the pattern-mask condition was 77% for T.E. and 81.5% for J.S., significantly lower than in the basic posttest" Discussion: "results with a pattern mask indicate that performance on this task relies substantially on ordinary processes of iconic memory or retinal afterimages." "Incidentally, the existence of eidetic imagery is itself controversial" (2026-10-06, https://www.gwern.net/doc/algernon/2010-cook.pdf)

  24. Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity

    Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(1), 87–114. Recenzirano. doi:10.1017/S0140525X01003922

    Provjereno
    Title: "The magical number 4 in short-term memory". Abstract: "Miller (1956) summarized evidence that people can remember about seven chunks in short-term memory (STM) tasks." "Others have since suggested that there is a more precise capacity limit, but that it is only three to five chunks." "A single, central capacity limit averaging about four chunks is implicated along with other, noncapacity-limited sources." (2026-10-06, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/behavioral-and-brain-sciences/article/magical-number-4-in-shortterm-memory-a-reconsideration-of-mental-storage-capacity/44023F1147D4A1D44BDC0AD226838496)

  25. Ericsson, K. A., Chase, W. G., & Faloon, S. (1980). Acquisition of a memory skill

    Science, 208(4448), 1181–1182. Recenzirano. doi:10.1126/science.7375930

    Ko je učestvovao
    One student, trained in the laboratory
    Provjereno
    Abstract: "After more than 230 hours of practice in the laboratory, a subject was able to increase his memory span from 7 to 79 digits. His performance on other memory tests with digits equaled that of memory experts with lifelong training. With an appropriate mnemonic system, there is seemingly no limit to memory performance with practice." (2026-10-06, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7375930/)

  26. Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions

    Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18(6), 643–662. Recenzirano. doi:10.1037/h0054651

    Ko je učestvovao
    College students in the United States
    Provjereno
    Experiment 1: "Seventy college undergraduates (14 males and 56 females)". Experiment 2: "One hundred students (88 college undergraduates, 29 males and 59 females, and 12 graduate students, all females)"; mean times, NC "63.3 seconds", NCWd "110.3 seconds". Summary: the interference of conflicting word stimuli upon naming colors caused an increase of "47.0 seconds or 74.3 percent of the normal time for naming colors printed in squares." "The interference of conflicting color stimuli upon the time for reading 100 words ... caused an increase of only 2.3 seconds or 5.6 percent over the normal time for reading the same words printed in black." (2026-10-06, https://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Stroop/)

  27. Hedge, C., Powell, G., & Sumner, P. (2018). The reliability paradox: Why robust cognitive tasks do not produce reliable individual differences

    Behavior Research Methods, 50(3), 1166–1186. Recenzirano. doi:10.3758/s13428-017-0935-1

    Provjereno
    Abstract: "In three studies, we assessed test-retest reliability of seven classic tasks: Eriksen Flanker, Stroop, stop-signal, go/no-go, Posner cueing, Navon, and Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Code (SNARC). Reliabilities ranged from 0 to .82, being surprisingly low for most tasks given their common use." "Experimental effects become well established - and thus those tasks become popular - when between-subject variability is low." Table 1, Stroop, "RT cost": Study 1 ".60 (.31–.78)", Study 2 ".66 (.26–.83)". Participants: Study 1 "50 (three male) undergraduate students", Study 2 "62 (12 male) undergraduate students"; sessions "3 weeks apart". (2026-10-06, https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5990556/fullTextXML)

  28. Brysbaert, M. (2019). How many words do we read per minute? A review and meta-analysis of reading rate

    Journal of Memory and Language, 109, 104047. Recenzirano. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2019.104047

    Provjereno
    Abstract: "Based on the analysis of 190 studies (18,573 participants), we estimate that the average silent reading rate for adults in English is 238 words per minute (wpm) for non-fiction and 260 wpm for fiction. The difference can be predicted by taking into account the length of the words, with longer words in non-fiction than in fiction. The estimates are lower than the numbers often cited in scientific and popular writings." "The average oral reading rate (based on 77 studies and 5,965 participants) is 183 wpm. Reading rates are lower for children, old adults, and readers with English as second language. The reading rates are in line with maximum listening speed and do not require the assumption of reading-specific language processing." "For silent reading of English non-fiction most adults fall in the range of 175 to 300 wpm; for fiction the range is 200 to 320 wpm. Reading rates in other languages can be predicted reasonably well by taking into account the number of words these languages require to convey the same message as in English." (2026-10-06, https://api.osf.io/v2/preprints/xynwg/)

  29. Rayner, K., Schotter, E. R., Masson, M. E. J., Potter, M. C., & Treiman, R. (2016). So much to read, so little time: How do we read, and can speed reading help?

    Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 17(1), 4–34. Recenzirano. doi:10.1177/1529100615623267

    Provjereno
    Abstract: "Speed reading has been an intriguing concept for decades, at least since Evelyn Wood introduced her Reading Dynamics training program in 1959." "The research shows that there is a trade-off between speed and accuracy. It is unlikely that readers will be able to double or triple their reading speeds (e.g., from around 250 to 500-750 words per minute) while still being able to understand the text as well as if they read at normal speed. If a thorough understanding of the text is not the reader's goal, then speed reading or skimming the text will allow the reader to get through it faster with moderate comprehension. The way to maintain high comprehension and get through text faster is to practice reading and to become a more skilled language user (e.g., through increased vocabulary). This is because language skill is at the heart of reading speed." (2026-10-06, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26769745/)

  30. Spjut, J., Boudaoud, B., Binaee, K., Kim, J., Majercik, A., McGuire, M., Luebke, D., & Kim, J. (2019). Latency of 30 ms benefits first person targeting tasks more than refresh rate above 60 Hz

    SIGGRAPH Asia 2019 Technical Briefs. Recenzirano. doi:10.1145/3355088.3365170

    Ko je učestvovao
    Eight skilled esports players aged 27 to 36
    Provjereno
    Title: "Latency of 30 ms Benefits First Person Targeting Tasks More Than Refresh Rate Above 60 Hz". Abstract: "we isolate latency and refresh rate by artificially increasing latency when operating at high refresh rates. Eight skilled esports athletes then perform gaming-inspired first person targeting tasks under varying conditions of refresh rate and latency" "We show that reduced latency has a clear benefit in task completion time while increased refresh rate has relatively minor effects on performance when the inherent latency reduction present at high refresh rates is removed." "Subjects. Eight subjects (aged 27-36)" "The selected refresh rates were: 60 Hz (today's baseline), 120 Hz (today's gamer), 240 Hz (gaming enthusiast) and 360 Hz (experimental)." Table 1, click to photon latency at 60 Hz: "22 (6.0) 55 (5.9) 88 (5.8)". Figure 1: "For the 1-hit tasks, latency has a significant effect on task completion times while the effect of refresh rate is not statistically significant." (2026-10-06, https://research.nvidia.com/sites/default/files/pubs/2019-11_Latency-of-30/FPS_Tasks_sa2019_AuthorVersion.pdf)

  31. Pronk, T., Wiers, R. W., Molenkamp, B., & Murre, J. (2020). Mental chronometry in the pocket? Timing accuracy of web applications on touchscreen and keyboard devices

    Behavior Research Methods, 52(3), 1371–1382. Recenzirano. doi:10.3758/s13428-019-01321-2

    Ko je učestvovao
    Four devices from 2015 and 2016: a MacBook Pro, an ASUS laptop, a Samsung Galaxy S7 and an iPhone 6S, pressed by a robot
    Provjereno
    Abstract: "In controlled circumstances, as can be realized in a lab setting, very accurate stimulus timing and moderately accurate RT measurements could be achieved on both touchscreen and keyboard devices, though RTs were consistently overestimated." Table 4 "Descriptives of RT overestimations (in milliseconds) per device and browser" (OS, Web Browser, Minimum, Maximum, Mean, SD): "Android Chrome 46.0 103.5 69.8 7.4", "iOS Safari 48.3 96.3 57.6 6.5", "MacOS Safari 93.0 163.7 132.9 8.1", "Windows Chrome 64.7 70.6 68.5 1.7", "Windows Firefox 49.8 84.9 61.9 5.7". (2026-10-06, https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC7280355/fullTextXML)

  32. Anwyl-Irvine, A., Dalmaijer, E. S., Hodges, N., & Evershed, J. K. (2021). Realistic precision and accuracy of online experiment platforms, web browsers, and devices

    Behavior Research Methods, 53(4), 1407–1425. Recenzirano. doi:10.3758/s13428-020-01501-5

    Ko je učestvovao
    Desktop and laptop computers with Windows 10 and macOS, pressed by a robot; and the equipment of 202,600 online participants
    Provjereno
    Abstract: "We then employed a robot actuator in realistic set-ups to measure response recording across the aforementioned platforms, and between different keyboard types (desktop and integrated laptop)." "We found that modern web platforms provide reasonable accuracy and precision for display duration and manual response time". Table 2 "RT delay is calculated as the difference between known and recorded RT." Browser means: "Chrome 78.81", "Edge 80.10", "Firefox 82.30", "Safari 76.50"; device means: "macOS-Desktop 85.35", "Windows-Desktop 76.24", "Windows-Laptop 73.65". Results: "We found that 77% of these devices were desktop or laptop computers, whereas only 20% were mobile devices" "Based on a sample of 202,600 participants." (2026-10-06, https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC8367876/fullTextXML)

  33. Bridges, D., Pitiot, A., MacAskill, M. R., & Peirce, J. W. (2020). The timing mega-study: comparing a range of experiment generators, both lab-based and online

    PeerJ, 8, e9414. Recenzirano. doi:10.7717/peerj.9414

    Provjereno
    Abstract: "Among the lab-based experiments, Psychtoolbox, PsychoPy, Presentation and E-Prime provided the best timing, all with mean precision under 1 millisecond across the visual, audio and response measures." "Online studies did not deliver the same level of precision as lab-based systems, with slightly more variability in all measurements." "For response times (measured using a high-performance button box), most of the packages achieved precision at least under 10 ms in all browsers, with PsychoPy achieving a precision under 3.5 ms in all." "The results, from over 110,000 trials, highlight the wide range of timing qualities that can occur even in these dedicated software packages for the task." (2026-10-06, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33005482/)

  34. Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative "description of personality": The Big-Five factor structure

    Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(6), 1216–1229. Recenzirano. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.6.1216

    Provjereno
    Abstract: "In the 45 years since Cattell used English trait terms to begin the formulation of his \"description of personality,\" a number of investigators have proposed an alternative structure based on 5 orthogonal factors." "In the first of 3 studies, 1,431 trait adjectives grouped into 75 clusters were analyzed; virtually identical structures emerged in 10 replications, each based on a different factor-analytic procedure." "None of the factors beyond the 5th generalized across the samples." (2026-10-06, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2283588/)

  35. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers

    Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(1), 81–90. Recenzirano. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.81

    Ko je učestvovao
    Adults rated by themselves and by people who knew them
    Provjereno
    Abstract: "adjective factors of neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness-antagonism, and conscientiousness-undirectedness were identified in an analysis of 738 peer ratings of 275 adult subjects. Intraclass correlations among raters, ranging from .30 to .65, and correlations between mean peer ratings and self-reports, from .25 to .62, showed substantial cross-observer agreement on all five adjective factors." (2026-10-06, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3820081/)

  36. McCrae, R. R., & Terracciano, A. (2005). Universal features of personality traits from the observer's perspective: Data from 50 cultures

    Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(3), 547–561. Recenzirano. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.547

    Provjereno
    Abstract: "To test hypotheses about the universality of personality traits, college students in 50 cultures identified an adult or college-aged man or woman whom they knew well and rated the 11,985 targets using the 3rd-person version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. Factor analyses within cultures showed that the normative American self-report structure was clearly replicated in most cultures and was recognizable in all." "Cross-sectional age differences for 3 factors followed the pattern identified in self-reports, with moderate rates of change during college age and slower changes after age 40." (2026-10-06, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15740445/)

  37. Vukasović, T., & Bratko, D. (2015). Heritability of personality: A meta-analysis of behavior genetic studies

    Psychological Bulletin, 141(4), 769–785. Recenzirano. doi:10.1037/bul0000017

    Provjereno
    Abstract: "the final sample included 62 independent effect sizes, representing more than 100,000 participants of both genders and all ages." "The average effect size was .40, indicating that 40% of individual differences in personality were due to genetic, while 60% are due to environmental influences." "study design was a significant moderator with twin studies showing higher estimates, .47, compared to family and adoption studies, .22." (2026-10-06, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25961374/)

  38. Roberts, B. W., & DelVecchio, W. F. (2000). The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: A quantitative review of longitudinal studies

    Psychological Bulletin, 126(1), 3–25. Recenzirano. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.1.3

    Provjereno
    Abstract: "From 152 longitudinal studies, 3,217 test-retest correlation coefficients were compiled. Meta-analytic estimates of mean population test-retest correlation coefficients showed that trait consistency increased from .31 in childhood to .54 during the college years, to .64 at age 30, and then reached a plateau around .74 between ages 50 and 70 when time interval was held constant at 6.7 years." (2026-10-06, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10668348/)

  39. Roberts, B. W., Walton, K. E., & Viechtbauer, W. (2006). Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies

    Psychological Bulletin, 132(1), 1–25. Recenzirano. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.1

    Provjereno
    Abstract: "The present study used meta-analytic techniques (number of samples = 92) to determine the patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course. Results showed that people increase in measures of social dominance (a facet of extraversion), conscientiousness, and emotional stability, especially in young adulthood (age 20 to 40). In contrast, people increase on measures of social vitality (a 2nd facet of extraversion) and openness in adolescence but then decrease in both of these domains in old age. Agreeableness changed only in old age." (2026-10-06, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16435954/)

  40. Soto, C. J. (2019). How replicable are links between personality traits and consequential life outcomes? The Life Outcomes of Personality Replication Project

    Psychological Science, 30(5), 711–727. Recenzirano. doi:10.1177/0956797619831612

    Provjereno
    Abstract: "I conducted preregistered, high-powered (median N = 1,504) replications of 78 previously published trait-outcome associations. Overall, 87% of the replication attempts were statistically significant in the expected direction. The replication effects were typically 77% as strong as the corresponding original effects, which represents a significant decline in effect size." (2026-10-06, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30950321/)

  41. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1989). Reinterpreting the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator from the perspective of the five-factor model of personality

    Journal of Personality, 57(1), 17–40. Recenzirano. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1989.tb00759.x

    Ko je učestvovao
    Men and women aged 19 to 93
    Provjereno
    Abstract: "Data were provided by 267 men and 201 women ages 19 to 93. Consistent with earlier research and evaluations, there was no support for the view that the MBTI measures truly dichotomous preferences or qualitatively distinct types; instead, the instrument measures four relatively independent dimensions." "However, correlational analyses showed that the four MBTI indices did measure aspects of four of the five major dimensions of normal personality." (2026-10-06, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2709300/)

  42. Bess, T. L., & Harvey, R. J. (2002). Bimodal score distributions and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: Fact or artifact?

    Journal of Personality Assessment, 78(1), 176–186. Recenzirano. doi:10.1207/S15327752JPA7801_11

    Provjereno
    Abstract: "Using the BILOG IRT program to score a sample of approximately 12,000 individuals who participated in leadership development programs, theta score distributions for the 4 dimensions of the MBTI computed using 10 (the BILOG default) versus 50 quadrature points were compared. Results indicated that past reports of bimodality were artifacts caused by BILOG's default use of a small number of quadrature points; when larger numbers of points were used, score distributions became strongly center-weighted." (2026-10-06, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11936208/)

  43. Gerlach, M., Farb, B., Revelle, W., & Nunes Amaral, L. A. (2018). A robust data-driven approach identifies four personality types across four large data sets

    Nature Human Behaviour, 2(10), 735–742. Recenzirano. doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0419-z

    Provjereno
    Title: "A robust data-driven approach identifies four personality types across four large data sets". Abstract: "In contrast to personality traits, the existence of personality types remains extremely controversial4." "Here we develop an alternative approach to the identification of personality types, which we apply to four large data sets comprising more than 1.5 million participants. We find robust evidence for at least four distinct personality types" (2026-10-06, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31406291/)

  44. Freudenstein, J.-P., Strauch, C., Mussel, P., & Ziegler, M. (2019). Four personality types may be neither robust nor exhaustive

    Nature Human Behaviour, 3(10), 1045–1046. Recenzirano. doi:10.1038/s41562-019-0721-4

    Provjereno
    PubMed record: "Nat Hum Behav. 2019 Oct;3(10):1045-1046." "Four personality types may be neither robust nor exhaustive." "Comment on Nat Hum Behav. 2018 Oct;2(10):735-742." (a comment without an abstract) (2026-10-06, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31527680/)