[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":718},["ShallowReactive",2],{"nav:id":3,"content:id:facts-chimpanzee-memory":155,"cards:id:all":588},{"sections":4,"sheet":130,"site":133},[5,25,46,58,82,100],{"section":6,"hub":7,"tests":10},"reaction",{"key":8,"path":9},"hub-reaction","\u002Fid\u002Ftes-refleks",[11,15,18,22],{"key":12,"path":13,"featured":14},"reaction-time","\u002Fid\u002Ftes-reaksi",true,{"key":16,"path":17,"featured":14},"f1-reaction","\u002Fid\u002Ff1-reaction-test",{"key":19,"path":20,"featured":21},"sound-reaction","\u002Fid\u002Ftes-refleks-suara-online",false,{"key":23,"path":24,"featured":14},"aim-trainer","\u002Fid\u002Flatihan-aim",{"section":26,"hub":27,"tests":30},"click",{"key":28,"path":29},"hub-click","\u002Fid\u002Ftes-klik",[31,34,37,40,43],{"key":32,"path":33,"featured":14},"cps-test","\u002Fid\u002Ftest-cps",{"key":35,"path":36,"featured":14},"spacebar-clicker","\u002Fid\u002Fspacebar-clicker",{"key":38,"path":39,"featured":14},"click-counter","\u002Fid\u002Fhitung-klik",{"key":41,"path":42,"featured":21},"tap-bpm","\u002Fid\u002Ftap-bpm",{"key":44,"path":45,"featured":21},"apm-test","\u002Fid\u002Ftes-apm",{"section":47,"hub":48,"tests":51},"typing",{"key":49,"path":50},"hub-typing","\u002Fid\u002Ftes-ketik",[52,55],{"key":53,"path":54,"featured":14},"typing-test","\u002Fid\u002Ftes-mengetik",{"key":56,"path":57,"featured":14},"reading-speed","\u002Fid\u002Ftes-kecepatan-membaca",{"section":59,"hub":60,"tests":63},"memory",{"key":61,"path":62},"hub-memory","\u002Fid\u002Ftes-daya-ingat",[64,67,70,73,76,79],{"key":65,"path":66,"featured":21},"number-memory","\u002Fid\u002Ftes-ingatan-angka",{"key":68,"path":69,"featured":14},"visual-memory","\u002Fid\u002Ftes-memori-visual",{"key":71,"path":72,"featured":21},"sequence-memory","\u002Fid\u002Ftes-memori-urutan",{"key":74,"path":75,"featured":21},"verbal-memory","\u002Fid\u002Ftes-memori-kata",{"key":77,"path":78,"featured":14},"chimp-test","\u002Fid\u002Fchimp-test",{"key":80,"path":81,"featured":14},"stroop-test","\u002Fid\u002Ftes-konsentrasi",{"section":83,"hub":84,"tests":87},"hardware",{"key":85,"path":86},"hub-hardware","\u002Fid\u002Ftes-hardware",[88,91,94,97],{"key":89,"path":90,"featured":14},"keyboard-test","\u002Fid\u002Ftes-keyboard",{"key":92,"path":93,"featured":14},"mouse-test","\u002Fid\u002Ftest-mouse",{"key":95,"path":96,"featured":21},"polling-rate","\u002Fid\u002Ftes-polling-rate",{"key":98,"path":99,"featured":14},"refresh-rate","\u002Fid\u002Ftes-refresh-rate",{"section":101,"hub":102,"tests":105},"personality",{"key":103,"path":104},"hub-personality","\u002Fid\u002Fkumpulan-tes-kepribadian",[106,109,112,115,118,121,124,127],{"key":107,"path":108,"featured":14},"big-five","\u002Fid\u002Ftes-big-five",{"key":110,"path":111,"featured":14},"personality-test","\u002Fid\u002Ftes-kepribadian",{"key":113,"path":114,"featured":21},"quick-personality","\u002Fid\u002Ftes-kepribadian-singkat",{"key":116,"path":117,"featured":21},"personality-types","\u002Fid\u002Ftes-16-tipe-kepribadian",{"key":119,"path":120,"featured":14},"career-interests","\u002Fid\u002Ftes-minat-bakat",{"key":122,"path":123,"featured":21},"dark-triad","\u002Fid\u002Ftes-dark-triad",{"key":125,"path":126,"featured":21},"political-values","\u002Fid\u002Ftes-pandangan-politik",{"key":128,"path":129,"featured":21},"self-esteem","\u002Fid\u002Ftes-harga-diri",{"key":131,"path":132},"spec-sheet","\u002Fid\u002Flembar-spek",[134,137,140,143,146,149,152],{"key":135,"path":136},"about","\u002Fid\u002Ftentang-kami",{"key":138,"path":139},"methodology","\u002Fid\u002Fmetodologi",{"key":141,"path":142},"instruments","\u002Fid\u002Fkuesioner-kepribadian",{"key":144,"path":145},"facts","\u002Fid\u002Ffakta",{"key":147,"path":148},"privacy","\u002Fid\u002Fkebijakan-privasi",{"key":150,"path":151},"terms","\u002Fid\u002Fsyarat-dan-ketentuan",{"key":153,"path":154},"contact","\u002Fid\u002Fkontak",{"key":156,"kind":157,"locale":158,"contentUpdated":159,"published":159,"review":160,"title":161,"description":162,"h1":163,"intro":164,"sections":202,"related":470,"crumbs":483,"citations":492,"faq":530,"relatedHeading":584,"cta":585,"sourcesHeading":587},"facts-chimpanzee-memory","article","id","2026-10-06","ai-raw","Ingatan simpanse: mengapa Ayumu mengalahkan mahasiswa","Ingatan simpanse di balik chimp test: bagaimana simpanse muda mengalahkan mahasiswa, dan apa yang terjadi saat manusia berlatih tugas yang sama.","Ingatan simpanse dalam tes angka yang terkenal",[165,168,171,173,175,177,179,181,182,184,186,188,192,194,197,200],{"t":166,"v":167},"text","Ingatan simpanse membuat seekor simpanse muda bernama Ayumu terkenal. Ia diminta mengingat di mana angka ",{"t":169,"v":170},"num","1",{"t":166,"v":172}," sampai ",{"t":169,"v":174},"9",{"t":166,"v":176}," sempat berkedip di layar, lalu menyentuh tempat-tempat itu berurutan. Dalam studi yang terbit tahun ",{"t":169,"v":178},"2007",{"t":166,"v":180},", ia melakukannya lebih baik dan lebih cepat daripada semua ",{"t":169,"v":174},{"t":166,"v":183}," mahasiswa universitas yang mencoba, bahkan saat angkanya hanya tampil ",{"t":169,"v":185},"210",{"t":166,"v":187}," md",{"t":189,"id":190,"n":191},"cite","inoue-2007",1,{"t":166,"v":193},". Studi-studi berikutnya menemukan bahwa sebabnya sebagian besar adalah latihan: manusia yang berlatih tugas itu selama simpanse berlatih menyamai atau mengalahkannya",{"t":189,"id":195,"n":196},"silberberg-2009",2,{"t":189,"id":198,"n":199},"cook-2010",3,{"t":166,"v":201},".",[203,270,315,385,412,428],{"role":204,"section":205},"section",{"heading":206,"blocks":207},"Angka-angkanya dalam satu tabel",[208,260],{"type":209,"caption":210,"head":215,"rows":222},"table",[211,213,214],{"t":166,"v":212},"Bagian percobaan yang selesai tanpa kesalahan saat lima angka berkedip selama ",{"t":169,"v":185},{"t":166,"v":187},[216,219],[217],{"t":166,"v":218},"Siapa",[220],{"t":166,"v":221},"Percobaan yang benar",[223,232,240,250],[224,227],[225],{"t":166,"v":226},"Ayumu, simpanse muda",[228,230],{"t":166,"v":229},"sekitar ",{"t":169,"v":231},"79%",[233,236],[234],{"t":166,"v":235},"Mahasiswa universitas tanpa latihan",[237,238],{"t":166,"v":229},{"t":169,"v":239},"38%",[241,244],[242],{"t":166,"v":243},"Dua mahasiswa sebelum pelatihan, studi berikutnya",[245,246,248],{"t":169,"v":239},{"t":166,"v":247}," dan ",{"t":169,"v":249},"46%",[251,254],[252],{"t":166,"v":253},"Dua mahasiswa yang sama setelah pelatihan",[255,257,258],{"t":169,"v":256},"94%",{"t":166,"v":247},{"t":169,"v":259},"96%",{"type":261,"text":262},"paragraph",[263,265,266,268,269],{"t":166,"v":264},"Dua baris pertama adalah seperti yang dibaca sebuah makalah berikutnya dari grafik studi aslinya. Studi asli mencetak hasilnya sebagai gambar, bukan sebagai angka",{"t":189,"id":195,"n":196},{"t":166,"v":267},". Dua baris terakhir berasal dari studi yang melatih para mahasiswa",{"t":189,"id":198,"n":199},{"t":166,"v":201},{"role":204,"section":271},{"heading":272,"blocks":273},"Apa yang dilakukan para simpanse",[274,289,298],{"type":261,"text":275},[276,278,279,280,281,283,285,287,288],{"t":166,"v":277},"Studi ini berasal dari Institut Riset Primata, Universitas Kyoto. Enam simpanse, tiga induk bersama anak-anaknya, mula-mula belajar urutan angka ",{"t":169,"v":170},{"t":166,"v":172},{"t":169,"v":174},{"t":166,"v":282}," di layar sentuh. Pelatihan dimulai pada ",{"t":169,"v":284},"2.004",{"t":166,"v":286},", saat anak-anak itu berusia empat tahun",{"t":189,"id":190,"n":191},{"t":166,"v":201},{"type":261,"text":290},[291,293,295,296],{"t":166,"v":292},"Pada tugas ingatan utama, sejumlah angka muncul di tempat acak, dan begitu simpanse menyentuh yang pertama, semua yang lain berubah menjadi kotak putih. Agar berhasil, ia harus ingat angka mana tadi di mana, lalu menyentuh kotak-kotak itu berurutan. Menebak hampir tidak pernah berhasil, sebab kotaknya tidak punya petunjuk apa pun: dengan lima angka, hanya ada satu urutan yang benar dari ",{"t":169,"v":294},"120",{"t":189,"id":190,"n":191},{"t":166,"v":297},". Kelima simpanse yang baru mengenal tugas itu berhasil mempelajarinya, dan yang muda lebih baik daripada induknya.",{"type":261,"text":299},[300,302,304,306,308,310,311,313,314],{"t":166,"v":301},"Untuk membandingkan spesies dengan adil, para peneliti kemudian menampilkan lima angka hanya dalam waktu tertentu: ",{"t":169,"v":303},"650",{"t":166,"v":305}," md, ",{"t":169,"v":307},"430",{"t":166,"v":309}," md, atau ",{"t":169,"v":185},{"t":166,"v":312}," md. Yang tersingkat kira-kira selama satu kali lirikan cepat, terlalu singkat untuk menggerakkan mata ke seluruh layar. Para mahasiswa makin buruk saat waktunya makin pendek. Ketepatan Ayumu nyaris tidak berubah, dan ia mengalahkan setiap mahasiswa, baik dalam kecepatan maupun ketepatan",{"t":189,"id":190,"n":191},{"t":166,"v":201},{"role":204,"section":316},{"heading":317,"blocks":318},"Jebakannya: latihan",[319,333,356],{"type":261,"text":320},[321,323,325,327,329,331,332],{"t":166,"v":322},"Perbandingan itu punya satu ketimpangan besar. Setiap simpanse sudah menjalani ",{"t":169,"v":324},"10",{"t":166,"v":326}," sesi yang masing-masing berisi ",{"t":169,"v":328},"50",{"t":166,"v":330}," percobaan pada tugas berwaktu saja, setelah berbulan-bulan berlatih tugas tanpa batas waktu. Setiap mahasiswa hanya menjalani satu sesi",{"t":189,"id":190,"n":191},{"t":166,"v":201},{"type":261,"text":334},[335,337,339,341,343,344,346,348,350,352,353,354,355],{"t":166,"v":336},"Dua peneliti mengujinya langsung. Dalam makalah yang terbit tahun ",{"t":169,"v":338},"2009",{"t":166,"v":340},", mereka sendiri berlatih tugas berwaktu itu, pada usia ",{"t":169,"v":342},"63",{"t":166,"v":247},{"t":169,"v":345},"33",{"t":166,"v":347},", sesi demi sesi. Salah satunya menyelesaikan ",{"t":169,"v":349},"84",{"t":166,"v":351},". Keduanya mencapai tingkat ketepatan Ayumu pada ",{"t":169,"v":185},{"t":166,"v":187},{"t":189,"id":195,"n":196},{"t":166,"v":201},{"type":261,"text":357},[358,360,361,363,364,366,368,370,371,372,373,375,376,378,379,380,381,383,384],{"t":166,"v":359},"Tim kedua melangkah lebih jauh dan menyalin pelatihan para simpanse. Para simpanse berlatih dengan angka yang boleh mereka lihat selama yang mereka mau, yang dalam praktiknya sekitar ",{"t":169,"v":303},{"t":166,"v":362}," md. Maka dua mahasiswa berlatih dengan durasi itu, ",{"t":169,"v":328},{"t":166,"v":365}," percobaan sekali jalan, sampai mereka menyelesaikan ",{"t":169,"v":367},"300",{"t":166,"v":369}," blok. Sebelum pelatihan mereka mencapai ",{"t":169,"v":239},{"t":166,"v":247},{"t":169,"v":249},{"t":166,"v":374}," pada ",{"t":169,"v":185},{"t":166,"v":377}," md, mirip para mahasiswa asli. Sesudahnya, ",{"t":169,"v":256},{"t":166,"v":247},{"t":169,"v":259},{"t":166,"v":382},", lebih baik daripada Ayumu. Para penulis menyimpulkan tidak ada bukti bahwa simpanse punya ingatan ruang yang lebih baik atau berbeda jenis",{"t":189,"id":198,"n":199},{"t":166,"v":201},{"role":204,"section":386},{"heading":387,"blocks":388},"Ingatan foto, atau sesuatu yang biasa?",[389,395,408],{"type":261,"text":390},[391,393,394],{"t":166,"v":392},"Para peneliti Kyoto mengajukan alasan mengapa simpanse muda begitu berhasil. Menurut mereka, hasilnya mungkin mengingatkan pada citra eidetik: kemampuan menyimpan gambar persis suatu pemandangan untuk sesaat, yang pernah dilaporkan pada sebagian anak dan konon memudar seiring usia. Simpanse muda dalam studi mereka lebih baik daripada yang dewasa, dan itu cocok dengan gagasan tersebut",{"t":189,"id":190,"n":191},{"t":166,"v":201},{"type":261,"text":396},[397,399,401,402,404,406,407],{"t":166,"v":398},"Tim yang melatih dua mahasiswa itu menguji gagasan tadi dengan cara sederhana. Selain kotak putih yang biasa, mereka menutup angka dengan pola garis yang ramai, yang akan menghapus gambar apa pun yang tersisa di mata. Ketepatan para mahasiswa mereka turun menjadi ",{"t":169,"v":400},"77%",{"t":166,"v":247},{"t":169,"v":403},"81,5%",{"t":166,"v":405},". Para penulis membaca ini sebagai tanda bahwa tugas itu sebagian besar bergantung pada ingatan visual biasa, yaitu jejak singkat yang ditinggalkan gambar setelah hilang. Mereka juga mencatat bahwa apakah citra eidetik itu ada pun masih diperdebatkan",{"t":189,"id":198,"n":199},{"t":166,"v":201},{"type":261,"text":409},[410],{"t":166,"v":411},"Dalam makalah yang kami baca, belum ada yang menjalankan tes pola yang sama pada Ayumu, jadi pertanyaan tentang bagaimana persisnya ia melakukannya masih terbuka. Yang disepakati studi-studi itu adalah hal yang lebih sederhana: dengan latihan yang cukup, manusia pun bisa mengerjakan tugas ini dengan sangat baik.",{"role":204,"section":413},{"heading":414,"blocks":415},"Jadi siapa yang ingatannya lebih baik?",[416,420,424],{"type":261,"text":417},[418],{"t":166,"v":419},"Kedua temuan itu benar sekaligus, dan keduanya perlu diingat bersama. Ayumu memang luar biasa: ia yang terbaik dari enam simpanse, dan ia menangkap layar penuh angka sekali pandang lebih cepat daripada orang dewasa tanpa latihan. Tetapi tugas ini menghargai keterampilan yang meningkat pesat dengan latihan, dan begitu manusia berlatih sebanyak itu, mereka sama baiknya atau lebih baik.",{"type":261,"text":421},[422],{"t":166,"v":423},"Studi ini tetap pengingat yang bagus bahwa ingatan bukan satu hal. Menyimpan gambar layar sesaat berbeda dengan mengingat daftar angka yang dibacakan kepada Anda, dan berbeda lagi dengan mengingat sebuah cerita. Orang yang pandai dalam satu hal belum tentu pandai dalam yang lain, jadi satu tes tidak menceritakan seluruh ingatan Anda.",{"type":261,"text":425},[426],{"t":166,"v":427},"Studi ini juga bicara tentang tes pada umumnya. Sebuah tes mengukur keterampilan dan latihan sekaligus. Dua orang dengan ingatan yang sama bisa mendapat skor sangat berbeda jika salah satunya sudah memainkan permainannya seratus kali. Ingatlah itu setiap kali sebuah skor dibandingkan dengan skor orang lain, termasuk skor yang Anda lihat di internet.",{"role":204,"section":429},{"heading":430,"blocks":431},"Cara kerja chimp test kami",[432,446,461],{"type":261,"text":433},[434,437,439,441,443,444],{"t":435,"v":436,"to":78,"key":77},"link","Chimp test",{"t":166,"v":438}," kami dibangun dari gagasan yang sama dengan tugas penutupan, tanpa batas waktu. Kotak bernomor muncul di tempat acak, dimulai dari ",{"t":169,"v":440},"4",{"t":166,"v":442},". Saat Anda menyentuh angka ",{"t":169,"v":170},{"t":166,"v":445},", yang lain disembunyikan, dan Anda menyentuhnya berurutan dari ingatan. Setiap putaran yang selesai menambah satu angka, dan kesalahan memakan satu kesempatan.",{"type":447,"items":448},"list",[449,452,455,458],[450],{"t":166,"v":451},"Skornya adalah jumlah angka terbanyak yang Anda ingat dalam satu putaran.",[453],{"t":166,"v":454},"Karena angka tetap di layar sampai sentuhan pertama Anda, Anda boleh meluangkan waktu untuk melihat, seperti para simpanse saat berlatih.",[456],{"t":166,"v":457},"Hasil Anda dibandingkan dengan hasil Anda sendiri sebelumnya: tidak ada studi yang memberi rata-rata untuk permainan yang persis seperti ini.",[459],{"t":166,"v":460},"Harapkan peningkatan dengan latihan, seperti para mahasiswa dalam studi-studi itu.",{"type":261,"text":462},[463,465,469],{"t":166,"v":464},"Berapa banyak butir yang biasanya bisa dipegang sekaligus, dan mengapa latihan mengubahnya, dijelaskan di ",{"t":435,"v":466,"to":467,"key":468},"kapasitas memori jangka pendek","\u002Fid\u002Ffakta\u002Fkapasitas-memori-jangka-pendek","facts-memory-span",{"t":166,"v":201},[471,474,477,480],{"key":77,"path":78,"title":472,"description":473},"Chimp test: tes ingatan angka ala simpanse","Chimp test gratis: angka muncul di kotak-kotak dan lenyap setelah klik pertama Anda, lalu klik sisanya berurutan. Tiga kesalahan mengakhiri tes.",{"key":468,"path":467,"title":475,"description":476},"Kapasitas memori jangka pendek dan rentang ingatan","Kapasitas memori jangka pendek: orang dewasa mengulang lima sampai tujuh angka. Asal angka tujuh Miller, kenapa ada yang bilang empat, dan efek latihan.",{"key":65,"path":66,"title":478,"description":479},"Tes ingatan angka","Tes ingatan angka gratis: lihat angka muncul satu per satu, ketik kembali, dan cari bilangan terpanjang yang bisa Anda ingat. Tanpa daftar.",{"key":68,"path":69,"title":481,"description":482},"Tes memori visual","Tes memori visual gratis: pola kotak menyala, lalu Anda mengetuk kotak yang diingat pada kisi yang makin besar. Tanpa daftar, hasil tetap di sini.",[484,488,490],{"key":485,"path":486,"name":487},"home","\u002Fid","Tes kemampuan online: apa yang ingin Anda uji?",{"key":144,"path":145,"name":489},"Fakta tentang manusia: reaksi, jari, ingatan",{"key":156,"path":491,"name":163},"\u002Fid\u002Ffakta\u002Fingatan-simpanse",[493,506,518],{"n":191,"id":190,"kind":494,"authors":495,"year":496,"title":497,"venue":498,"doi":499,"url":500,"population":501,"notes":502},"source","Inoue, S., & Matsuzawa, T.",2007,"Working memory of numerals in chimpanzees","Current Biology, 17(23), R1004–R1005","10.1016\u002Fj.cub.2007.10.027","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cell.com\u002Fcurrent-biology\u002Ffulltext\u002FS0960-9822(07)02088-X","Six chimpanzees of the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, and nine university students",[503],{"date":159,"url":504,"quote":505},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gwern.net\u002Fdocs\u002Fwww\u002Fwww.cell.com\u002F566764ff1ec0be394841f7c1ef51d8604468abe4.pdf","\"Our subjects were six chimpanzees, three mother–offspring pairs.\" \"In 2004, when the three young reached the age of four years, we began to teach the mother–offspring pairs the sequence of Arabic numerals from 1 to 9\" \"It must be noted that the chance level of this task is very low: p= 1\u002F24 with four numerals, 1\u002F120 with five numerals\" \"Three different hold duration conditions were tested: 650, 430 and 210 milliseconds.\" \"The shortest duration, 210 milliseconds, is close to the frequency of occurrence of human saccadic eye movement\" \"We compared Ai, the best mother performer, Ayumu, the best young performer, and human subjects (n = 9, all university students) in this task.\" \"The number of numerals was limited to five items.\" \"Ayumu outperformed all of the human subjects both in speed and accuracy.\" \"Our results may be reminiscent of the phenomenon known as 'eidetic imagery' found by Jaensch\" \"It is known to be present in a relatively high percentage of normal children, and then the ability declines with age.\" Figure 2: \"Each session consists of 50 trials. Each chimpanzee received 10 sessions and each of 9 humans received a single test session.\"",{"n":196,"id":195,"kind":494,"authors":507,"year":508,"title":509,"venue":510,"doi":511,"url":512,"population":513,"notes":514},"Silberberg, A., & Kearns, D.",2009,"Memory for the order of briefly presented numerals in humans as a function of practice","Animal Cognition, 12, 405–407","10.1007\u002Fs10071-008-0206-8","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10071-008-0206-8","The two authors, aged 63 and 33",[515],{"date":159,"url":516,"quote":517},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gwern.net\u002Fdoc\u002Falgernon\u002F2009-silberberg.pdf","Abstract: \"Inoue and Matsuzawa (Curr Biol 17: R1004–R1005, 2007) showed that with an accuracy of approximately 79%, the juvenile chimpanzee, Ayumu, could recall the position and order of a random subset of five Arabic numerals between one and nine when those numerals were presented for only 210 ms\" \"None of nine humans working on the same task approached this level of accuracy.\" \"The present report shows that when two humans are given practice in the Inoue and Matsuzawa (2007) memory task, their accuracy levels match those of Ayumu.\" Introduction: \"when the latency to masking was reduced to 210 ms, Ayumu's performance was largely unchanged, while that of humans dropped to a mean of about 38%\". Methods: \"Alan Silberberg, a 63-year-old male and David Kearns, a 33-year-old male\". Figure 1: \"David completed 84 sessions\"",{"n":199,"id":198,"kind":494,"authors":519,"year":520,"title":521,"venue":522,"doi":523,"url":524,"population":525,"notes":526},"Cook, P., & Wilson, M.",2010,"Do young chimpanzees have extraordinary working memory?","Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17(4), 599–600","10.3758\u002FPBR.17.4.599","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.3758\u002FPBR.17.4.599","Two undergraduate research assistants",[527],{"date":159,"url":528,"quote":529},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gwern.net\u002Fdoc\u002Falgernon\u002F2010-cook.pdf","Abstract: \"Here we report that, after adequate practice, 2 university students substantially outperformed the chimpanzee. There is no evidence for a superior or qualitatively different spatial memory system in chimpanzees.\" \"Training involved approximately 200 trials per day, 5 or 6 days a week, and began in 2005.\" \"Performance on the second block was 46% and 38% percent for subjects J.S. and T.E., respectively\" \"the chimpanzee exposure times during training were approximately 650 msec\" \"Subjects ran 4 blocks of 50 trials per day, 5 days a week, until a total of 300 blocks was reached.\" \"Performance on the posttest was 94% for T.E. and 96% for J.S., substantially better than Inoue and Matsuzawa's human subjects and better than Ayumu\" \"Performance in the pattern-mask condition was 77% for T.E. and 81.5% for J.S., significantly lower than in the basic posttest\" Discussion: \"results with a pattern mask indicate that performance on this task relies substantially on ordinary processes of iconic memory or retinal afterimages.\" \"Incidentally, the existence of eidetic imagery is itself controversial\"",{"heading":531,"items":532},"Pertanyaan",[533,540,555,567,577],{"q":534,"a":535},"Benarkah simpanse punya ingatan lebih baik daripada manusia?",[536],{"type":261,"text":537},[538],{"t":166,"v":539},"Tidak secara umum. Satu simpanse muda mengalahkan mahasiswa tanpa latihan pada tugas angka yang cepat, tetapi mahasiswa yang berlatih sebanyak simpanse itu menyamai atau mengalahkannya.",{"q":541,"a":542},"Sebaik apa Ayumu dalam tes ingatan simpanse ini?",[543],{"type":261,"text":544},[545,547,548,550,551,553,554],{"t":166,"v":546},"Dengan lima angka yang tampil selama ",{"t":169,"v":185},{"t":166,"v":549}," md, ia menjawab sepenuhnya benar pada sekitar ",{"t":169,"v":231},{"t":166,"v":552}," percobaan, sedangkan mahasiswa tanpa latihan rata-rata sekitar ",{"t":169,"v":239},{"t":166,"v":201},{"q":556,"a":557},"Bisakah manusia sebaik Ayumu?",[558],{"type":261,"text":559},[560,562,563,564,565],{"t":166,"v":561},"Bisa. Dalam satu studi dua mahasiswa mencapai ",{"t":169,"v":256},{"t":166,"v":247},{"t":169,"v":259},{"t":166,"v":566}," setelah pelatihan, lebih baik daripada simpansenya.",{"q":568,"a":569},"Mengapa angkanya ditampilkan begitu singkat?",[570],{"type":261,"text":571},[572,574,575],{"t":166,"v":573},"Waktu tersingkat, ",{"t":169,"v":185},{"t":166,"v":576}," md, kira-kira selama satu gerakan cepat mata. Pada kecepatan itu tak seorang pun sempat memandang dari angka ke angka, jadi tugas ini menguji apa yang ditangkap dalam sekali pandang, bukan seberapa pandai seseorang menelusuri layar.",{"q":578,"a":579},"Apa yang diukur chimp test?",[580],{"type":261,"text":581},[582],{"t":166,"v":583},"Ingatan jangka pendek untuk letak benda di layar. Tes ini berkerabat dengan tes ingatan angka dan urutan, tetapi Anda diminta mengingat tempat sekaligus urutan.","Bacaan lanjutan",{"label":586,"to":78,"key":77},"Ikuti chimp test","Sumber",[589,607,629,639,662,680],{"section":6,"hub":9,"cards":590},[591,595,599,603],{"key":12,"test":12,"path":13,"title":592,"line":593,"minutes":191,"devices":594},"Tes reaksi","Cari tahu seberapa cepat reaksi Anda saat layar berubah hijau.",{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":14},{"key":16,"test":16,"path":17,"title":596,"line":597,"minutes":191,"devices":598},"F1 reaction test: tes reaksi lampu start ala F1","Cari tahu seberapa cepat Anda bisa start saat lima lampu merah padam.",{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":14},{"key":19,"test":19,"path":20,"title":600,"line":601,"minutes":191,"devices":602},"Tes refleks suara online","Cari tahu seberapa cepat reaksi Anda terhadap bunyi bip.",{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":14},{"key":23,"test":23,"path":24,"title":604,"line":605,"minutes":191,"devices":606},"Latihan aim","Cari tahu seberapa cepat dan seberapa tepat Anda mengenai target.",{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":21},{"section":26,"hub":29,"cards":608},[609,613,617,621,625],{"key":32,"test":32,"path":33,"title":610,"line":611,"minutes":191,"devices":612},"Test CPS","Cari tahu berapa kali Anda bisa klik per detik.",{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":21},{"key":35,"test":35,"path":36,"title":614,"line":615,"minutes":191,"devices":616},"Spacebar clicker: seberapa cepat Anda menekan spasi?","Cari tahu seberapa cepat Anda bisa menekan spasi.",{"mouse":21,"touch":21,"keyboard":14},{"key":38,"test":38,"path":39,"title":618,"line":619,"minutes":191,"devices":620},"Hitung klik","Catat hitungan apa saja dengan satu tombol besar.",{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":14},{"key":41,"test":41,"path":42,"title":622,"line":623,"minutes":191,"devices":624},"Tap BPM: hitung tempo lagu dengan ketukan","Ketuk mengikuti irama dan cari tahu seberapa cepat iramanya.",{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":14},{"key":44,"test":44,"path":45,"title":626,"line":627,"minutes":191,"devices":628},"Tes APM","Cari tahu berapa aksi per menit yang Anda lakukan dengan keyboard dan mouse.",{"mouse":14,"touch":21,"keyboard":14},{"section":47,"hub":50,"cards":630},[631,635],{"key":53,"test":53,"path":54,"title":632,"line":633,"minutes":191,"devices":634},"Tes mengetik","Cari tahu seberapa cepat dan seberapa teliti Anda mengetik.",{"mouse":21,"touch":14,"keyboard":14},{"key":56,"test":56,"path":57,"title":636,"line":637,"minutes":199,"devices":638},"Tes kecepatan membaca","Cari tahu seberapa cepat Anda membaca sambil tetap memahami teksnya.",{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":14},{"section":59,"hub":62,"cards":640},[641,644,647,651,655,658],{"key":65,"test":65,"path":66,"title":478,"line":642,"minutes":199,"devices":643},"Cari tahu berapa angka yang bisa Anda ingat.",{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":14},{"key":68,"test":68,"path":69,"title":481,"line":645,"minutes":199,"devices":646},"Cari tahu berapa kotak yang bisa Anda ingat pada kisi yang makin besar.",{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":14},{"key":71,"test":71,"path":72,"title":648,"line":649,"minutes":199,"devices":650},"Tes memori urutan","Cari tahu seberapa panjang urutan kotak menyala yang bisa Anda ulangi.",{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":14},{"key":74,"test":74,"path":75,"title":652,"line":653,"minutes":199,"devices":654},"Tes memori kata","Cari tahu berapa kata yang bisa Anda bedakan antara sudah dilihat dan baru.",{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":14},{"key":77,"test":77,"path":78,"title":472,"line":656,"minutes":199,"devices":657},"Cari tahu berapa angka yang bisa Anda ingat setelah angka itu hilang.",{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":21},{"key":80,"test":80,"path":81,"title":659,"line":660,"minutes":199,"devices":661},"Tes konsentrasi","Cari tahu seberapa baik Anda mengabaikan sebuah kata saat menyebut warnanya.",{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":14},{"section":83,"hub":86,"cards":663},[664,668,672,676],{"key":89,"test":89,"path":90,"title":665,"line":666,"minutes":191,"devices":667},"Tes keyboard","Tekan tombol Anda dan lihat mana yang berfungsi.",{"mouse":21,"touch":21,"keyboard":14},{"key":92,"test":92,"path":93,"title":669,"line":670,"minutes":191,"devices":671},"Test mouse","Periksa setiap tombol dan roda mouse Anda.",{"mouse":14,"touch":21,"keyboard":21},{"key":95,"test":95,"path":96,"title":673,"line":674,"minutes":191,"devices":675},"Tes polling rate","Cari tahu seberapa sering mouse Anda melaporkan posisinya.",{"mouse":14,"touch":21,"keyboard":21},{"key":98,"test":98,"path":99,"title":677,"line":678,"minutes":191,"devices":679},"Tes refresh rate","Cari tahu berapa gambar per detik yang ditampilkan layar Anda.",{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":14},{"section":101,"hub":104,"cards":681},[682,687,692,696,700,704,709,714],{"key":107,"test":107,"path":108,"title":683,"line":684,"minutes":685,"devices":686},"Tes Big Five","Tinjauan panjang dan cermat atas lima sifat luas, dengan lebih banyak rincian untuk tiap sifat.",20,{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":14},{"key":110,"test":110,"path":111,"title":688,"line":689,"minutes":690,"devices":691},"Tes kepribadian","Lima puluh pernyataan singkat tentang diri Anda yang biasa, untuk lima sifat luas.",8,{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":14},{"key":113,"test":113,"path":114,"title":693,"line":694,"minutes":196,"devices":695},"Tes kepribadian singkat","Sepuluh pernyataan singkat: sketsa cepat lima sifat luas.",{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":14},{"key":116,"test":116,"path":117,"title":697,"line":698,"minutes":685,"devices":699},"Tes 16 tipe kepribadian","Lihat jawaban Big Five Anda sebagai empat penunjuk dan kode empat huruf.",{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":14},{"key":119,"test":119,"path":120,"title":701,"line":702,"minutes":690,"devices":703},"Tes minat bakat","Cari tahu jenis kegiatan apa yang paling menarik bagi Anda.",{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":14},{"key":122,"test":122,"path":123,"title":705,"line":706,"minutes":707,"devices":708},"Tes dark triad","Kuesioner singkat tentang empat sisi kepribadian yang kurang menyenangkan.",5,{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":14},{"key":125,"test":125,"path":126,"title":710,"line":711,"minutes":712,"devices":713},"Tes pandangan politik","Cari tahu posisi Anda pada empat skala nilai.",10,{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":14},{"key":128,"test":128,"path":129,"title":715,"line":716,"minutes":196,"devices":717},"Tes harga diri","Kuesioner singkat tentang cara Anda memandang diri sendiri.",{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":14},1791315181104]