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In a study published in ",{"t":169,"v":178},"2007",{"t":166,"v":180},", he did it better and faster than all ",{"t":169,"v":174},{"t":166,"v":183}," university students who tried, even when the numbers showed for only ",{"t":169,"v":185},"210",{"t":166,"v":187}," ms",{"t":189,"id":190,"n":191},"cite","inoue-2007",1,{"t":166,"v":193},". Later studies found the reason was mostly practice: people who trained on the task as long as the chimpanzees had matched or beat him",{"t":189,"id":195,"n":196},"silberberg-2009",2,{"t":189,"id":198,"n":199},"cook-2010",3,{"t":166,"v":201},".",[203,270,315,385,412,428],{"role":204,"section":205},"section",{"heading":206,"blocks":207},"The figures in one table",[208,260],{"type":209,"caption":210,"head":215,"rows":222},"table",[211,213,214],{"t":166,"v":212},"Share of trials done without a mistake when five numbers flashed for ",{"t":169,"v":185},{"t":166,"v":187},[216,219],[217],{"t":166,"v":218},"Who",[220],{"t":166,"v":221},"Correct trials",[223,232,240,250],[224,227],[225],{"t":166,"v":226},"Ayumu, the young chimpanzee",[228,230],{"t":166,"v":229},"about ",{"t":169,"v":231},"79%",[233,236],[234],{"t":166,"v":235},"University students without practice",[237,238],{"t":166,"v":229},{"t":169,"v":239},"38%",[241,244],[242],{"t":166,"v":243},"Two students before training, a later study",[245,246,248],{"t":169,"v":239},{"t":166,"v":247}," and ",{"t":169,"v":249},"46%",[251,254],[252],{"t":166,"v":253},"The same two students after training",[255,257,258],{"t":169,"v":256},"94%",{"t":166,"v":247},{"t":169,"v":259},"96%",{"type":261,"text":262},"paragraph",[263,265,266,268,269],{"t":166,"v":264},"The first two rows are as a later paper read them from the original study's chart; the original printed the results as a figure, not as numbers",{"t":189,"id":195,"n":196},{"t":166,"v":267},". The last two rows come from the study that trained the students",{"t":189,"id":198,"n":199},{"t":166,"v":201},{"role":204,"section":271},{"heading":272,"blocks":273},"What the chimpanzees did",[274,289,298],{"type":261,"text":275},[276,278,279,280,281,283,285,287,288],{"t":166,"v":277},"The study came from the Primate Research Institute of Kyoto University. Six chimpanzees, three mothers and their young, first learned the order of the numbers ",{"t":169,"v":170},{"t":166,"v":172},{"t":169,"v":174},{"t":166,"v":282}," on a touch screen. Training began in ",{"t":169,"v":284},"2,004",{"t":166,"v":286},", when the young were four years old",{"t":189,"id":190,"n":191},{"t":166,"v":201},{"type":261,"text":290},[291,293,295,296],{"t":166,"v":292},"In the main memory task, a set of numbers appeared in random places, and as soon as the chimpanzee touched the first, all the others turned into white squares. To succeed it had to remember which number had been where and touch the squares in order. Guessing almost never works: with five numbers there is one right order in ",{"t":169,"v":294},"120",{"t":189,"id":190,"n":191},{"t":166,"v":297},". All five chimpanzees new to the task learned it, and the young ones did better than their mothers.",{"type":261,"text":299},[300,302,304,306,308,310,311,313,314],{"t":166,"v":301},"To compare species fairly, the researchers then showed five numbers for a fixed time only: ",{"t":169,"v":303},"650",{"t":166,"v":305}," ms, ",{"t":169,"v":307},"430",{"t":166,"v":309}," ms or ",{"t":169,"v":185},{"t":166,"v":312}," ms. The shortest is about as long as one quick look, too short to move the eyes around the screen. The students got worse as the time got shorter. Ayumu's accuracy hardly changed, and he beat every student in both speed and accuracy",{"t":189,"id":190,"n":191},{"t":166,"v":201},{"role":204,"section":316},{"heading":317,"blocks":318},"The catch: practice",[319,333,356],{"type":261,"text":320},[321,323,325,327,329,331,332],{"t":166,"v":322},"The comparison had one large imbalance. Each chimpanzee had done ",{"t":169,"v":324},"10",{"t":166,"v":326}," sessions of ",{"t":169,"v":328},"50",{"t":166,"v":330}," trials on the timed task alone, after months of training on the untimed one; each student did a single session",{"t":189,"id":190,"n":191},{"t":166,"v":201},{"type":261,"text":334},[335,337,339,341,343,344,346,348,350,352,353,354,355],{"t":166,"v":336},"Two researchers tested that directly. In a paper published in ",{"t":169,"v":338},"2009",{"t":166,"v":340},", they practised the timed task themselves, aged ",{"t":169,"v":342},"63",{"t":166,"v":247},{"t":169,"v":345},"33",{"t":166,"v":347},", in session after session; one completed ",{"t":169,"v":349},"84",{"t":166,"v":351},". Both reached Ayumu's level of accuracy at ",{"t":169,"v":185},{"t":166,"v":187},{"t":189,"id":195,"n":196},{"t":166,"v":201},{"type":261,"text":357},[358,360,361,363,364,366,368,370,371,372,373,375,376,378,379,380,381,383,384],{"t":166,"v":359},"A second team went further and copied the chimpanzees' training. The chimpanzees had practised with numbers they could look at for as long as they liked, which in practice was about ",{"t":169,"v":303},{"t":166,"v":362}," ms; so two students practised at that duration, ",{"t":169,"v":328},{"t":166,"v":365}," trials at a time, until they had done ",{"t":169,"v":367},"300",{"t":166,"v":369}," blocks. Before training they managed ",{"t":169,"v":239},{"t":166,"v":247},{"t":169,"v":249},{"t":166,"v":374}," at ",{"t":169,"v":185},{"t":166,"v":377}," ms, much like the original students. After it, ",{"t":169,"v":256},{"t":166,"v":247},{"t":169,"v":259},{"t":166,"v":382},", better than Ayumu. The authors concluded there is no evidence that chimpanzees have a better or different kind of spatial memory",{"t":189,"id":198,"n":199},{"t":166,"v":201},{"role":204,"section":386},{"heading":387,"blocks":388},"Snapshot memory, or something ordinary?",[389,395,408],{"type":261,"text":390},[391,393,394],{"t":166,"v":392},"The Kyoto researchers suggested a reason why the young chimpanzees did so well. Their results, they wrote, may be reminiscent of eidetic imagery: the ability to keep an exact picture of a scene for a short while, which has been described in some children and is said to fade with age. The young chimpanzees in their study did better than the adults, which fits that idea",{"t":189,"id":190,"n":191},{"t":166,"v":201},{"type":261,"text":396},[397,399,401,402,404,406,407],{"t":166,"v":398},"The team that trained the two students tested the idea in a simple way. Besides the usual white squares, they covered the numbers with a busy pattern of lines that would wipe out any picture left on the eye. Their students' accuracy fell to ",{"t":169,"v":400},"77%",{"t":166,"v":247},{"t":169,"v":403},"81.5%",{"t":166,"v":405},". The authors read this as a sign that the task relies largely on ordinary visual memory, the brief trace an image leaves after it disappears, and noted that whether eidetic imagery exists at all is itself disputed",{"t":189,"id":198,"n":199},{"t":166,"v":201},{"type":261,"text":409},[410],{"t":166,"v":411},"Nobody has run the same pattern test on Ayumu in the papers we read, so the question of exactly how he did it is still open. What the studies agree on is the simpler point: given enough practice, people can do the task very well too.",{"role":204,"section":413},{"heading":414,"blocks":415},"So who has the better memory?",[416,420,424],{"type":261,"text":417},[418],{"t":166,"v":419},"Both findings are true at once. Ayumu really was remarkable: he was the best of six chimpanzees, and he took in a screen of numbers at a glance faster than untrained adults could. But the task rewards a skill that improves hugely with practice, and once people practised as much, they did as well or better.",{"type":261,"text":421},[422],{"t":166,"v":423},"The study is still a good reminder that memory is not one thing. Holding a picture of a screen for a moment is different from remembering a list of numbers read out to you, and different again from remembering a story. People who are good at one are not always good at the others.",{"type":261,"text":425},[426],{"t":166,"v":427},"It also says something about tests in general. A test measures the skill and the practice together. Two people with the same memory can score very differently if one has played the game a hundred times. That is worth keeping in mind whenever a score is compared with someone else's.",{"role":204,"section":429},{"heading":430,"blocks":431},"How our chimp test works",[432,448,463],{"type":261,"text":433},[434,436,439,441,443,445,446],{"t":166,"v":435},"Our ",{"t":437,"v":438,"to":78,"key":77},"link","chimp test",{"t":166,"v":440}," is built on the same idea as the masking task, without a time limit. Numbered squares appear in random places, starting with ",{"t":169,"v":442},"4",{"t":166,"v":444},". When you touch the ",{"t":169,"v":170},{"t":166,"v":447},", the rest are hidden, and you touch them in order from memory. Each round you complete adds a number; mistakes cost a strike.",{"type":449,"items":450},"list",[451,454,457,460],[452],{"t":166,"v":453},"The score is the most numbers you remembered in one round.",[455],{"t":166,"v":456},"Because the numbers stay on screen until your first touch, you can take your time to look, as the chimpanzees could in training.",[458],{"t":166,"v":459},"Your result is compared with your own earlier ones: no study gives an average for this exact game.",[461],{"t":166,"v":462},"Expect to improve with practice, as the students in the studies did.",{"type":261,"text":464},[465,467,471],{"t":166,"v":466},"How many items people can usually hold at once, and why practice changes it, is explained in ",{"t":437,"v":468,"to":469,"key":470},"memory span","\u002Ffacts\u002Fmemory-span","facts-memory-span",{"t":166,"v":201},[473,476,479,482],{"key":77,"path":78,"title":474,"description":475},"Chimp memory test","Free chimp memory test: numbers appear on a grid and vanish after your first click, then you click the rest in order. Three strikes end it. No sign-up.",{"key":470,"path":469,"title":477,"description":478},"Memory span","Memory span explained: why most adults repeat five to seven digits, where Miller's seven came from, why some say four, and how practice changes it.",{"key":65,"path":66,"title":480,"description":481},"Number memory test","Free number memory test: watch digits appear one at a time, type them back, and find the longest number you can hold. No sign-up, results stay with you.",{"key":68,"path":69,"title":483,"description":484},"Visual memory test","Free visual memory test: a pattern of squares lights up, then you tap the ones you remember on a grid that grows. No sign-up, results stay with you.",[486,490,492],{"key":487,"path":488,"name":489},"home","\u002F","What would you like to test?",{"key":144,"path":145,"name":491},"Facts",{"key":156,"path":493,"name":163},"\u002Ffacts\u002Fchimpanzee-memory-test",[495,508,520],{"n":191,"id":190,"kind":496,"authors":497,"year":498,"title":499,"venue":500,"doi":501,"url":502,"population":503,"notes":504},"source","Inoue, S., & Matsuzawa, T.",2007,"Working memory of numerals in chimpanzees","Current Biology, 17(23), R1004–R1005","10.1016\u002Fj.cub.2007.10.027","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cell.com\u002Fcurrent-biology\u002Ffulltext\u002FS0960-9822(07)02088-X","Six chimpanzees of the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, and nine university students",[505],{"date":159,"url":506,"quote":507},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gwern.net\u002Fdocs\u002Fwww\u002Fwww.cell.com\u002F566764ff1ec0be394841f7c1ef51d8604468abe4.pdf","\"Our subjects were six chimpanzees, three mother–offspring pairs.\" \"In 2004, when the three young reached the age of four years, we began to teach the mother–offspring pairs the sequence of Arabic numerals from 1 to 9\" \"It must be noted that the chance level of this task is very low: p= 1\u002F24 with four numerals, 1\u002F120 with five numerals\" \"Three different hold duration conditions were tested: 650, 430 and 210 milliseconds.\" \"The shortest duration, 210 milliseconds, is close to the frequency of occurrence of human saccadic eye movement\" \"We compared Ai, the best mother performer, Ayumu, the best young performer, and human subjects (n = 9, all university students) in this task.\" \"The number of numerals was limited to five items.\" \"Ayumu outperformed all of the human subjects both in speed and accuracy.\" \"Our results may be reminiscent of the phenomenon known as 'eidetic imagery' found by Jaensch\" \"It is known to be present in a relatively high percentage of normal children, and then the ability declines with age.\" Figure 2: \"Each session consists of 50 trials. Each chimpanzee received 10 sessions and each of 9 humans received a single test session.\"",{"n":196,"id":195,"kind":496,"authors":509,"year":510,"title":511,"venue":512,"doi":513,"url":514,"population":515,"notes":516},"Silberberg, A., & Kearns, D.",2009,"Memory for the order of briefly presented numerals in humans as a function of practice","Animal Cognition, 12, 405–407","10.1007\u002Fs10071-008-0206-8","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10071-008-0206-8","The two authors, aged 63 and 33",[517],{"date":159,"url":518,"quote":519},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gwern.net\u002Fdoc\u002Falgernon\u002F2009-silberberg.pdf","Abstract: \"Inoue and Matsuzawa (Curr Biol 17: R1004–R1005, 2007) showed that with an accuracy of approximately 79%, the juvenile chimpanzee, Ayumu, could recall the position and order of a random subset of five Arabic numerals between one and nine when those numerals were presented for only 210 ms\" \"None of nine humans working on the same task approached this level of accuracy.\" \"The present report shows that when two humans are given practice in the Inoue and Matsuzawa (2007) memory task, their accuracy levels match those of Ayumu.\" Introduction: \"when the latency to masking was reduced to 210 ms, Ayumu's performance was largely unchanged, while that of humans dropped to a mean of about 38%\". Methods: \"Alan Silberberg, a 63-year-old male and David Kearns, a 33-year-old male\". Figure 1: \"David completed 84 sessions\"",{"n":199,"id":198,"kind":496,"authors":521,"year":522,"title":523,"venue":524,"doi":525,"url":526,"population":527,"notes":528},"Cook, P., & Wilson, M.",2010,"Do young chimpanzees have extraordinary working memory?","Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17(4), 599–600","10.3758\u002FPBR.17.4.599","https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.3758\u002FPBR.17.4.599","Two undergraduate research assistants",[529],{"date":159,"url":530,"quote":531},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gwern.net\u002Fdoc\u002Falgernon\u002F2010-cook.pdf","Abstract: \"Here we report that, after adequate practice, 2 university students substantially outperformed the chimpanzee. There is no evidence for a superior or qualitatively different spatial memory system in chimpanzees.\" \"Training involved approximately 200 trials per day, 5 or 6 days a week, and began in 2005.\" \"Performance on the second block was 46% and 38% percent for subjects J.S. and T.E., respectively\" \"the chimpanzee exposure times during training were approximately 650 msec\" \"Subjects ran 4 blocks of 50 trials per day, 5 days a week, until a total of 300 blocks was reached.\" \"Performance on the posttest was 94% for T.E. and 96% for J.S., substantially better than Inoue and Matsuzawa's human subjects and better than Ayumu\" \"Performance in the pattern-mask condition was 77% for T.E. and 81.5% for J.S., significantly lower than in the basic posttest\" Discussion: \"results with a pattern mask indicate that performance on this task relies substantially on ordinary processes of iconic memory or retinal afterimages.\" \"Incidentally, the existence of eidetic imagery is itself controversial\"",{"heading":533,"items":534},"Questions",[535,542,557,569,579],{"q":536,"a":537},"Is it true that chimpanzees have better memory than humans?",[538],{"type":261,"text":539},[540],{"t":166,"v":541},"Not in general. One young chimpanzee beat untrained students at a fast number task, but students who practised as much as the chimpanzees had matched or beat him.",{"q":543,"a":544},"How well did Ayumu do in the chimpanzee memory test?",[545],{"type":261,"text":546},[547,549,550,552,553,555,556],{"t":166,"v":548},"With five numbers shown for ",{"t":169,"v":185},{"t":166,"v":551}," ms, he got about ",{"t":169,"v":231},{"t":166,"v":554}," of the trials completely right, while untrained students averaged about ",{"t":169,"v":239},{"t":166,"v":201},{"q":558,"a":559},"Can people get as good as Ayumu?",[560],{"type":261,"text":561},[562,564,565,566,567],{"t":166,"v":563},"Yes. In one study two students reached ",{"t":169,"v":256},{"t":166,"v":247},{"t":169,"v":259},{"t":166,"v":568}," after training, better than the chimpanzee.",{"q":570,"a":571},"Why were the numbers shown for such a short time?",[572],{"type":261,"text":573},[574,576,577],{"t":166,"v":575},"The shortest time, ",{"t":169,"v":185},{"t":166,"v":578}," ms, is about as long as one quick movement of the eyes takes. At that speed nobody can look from number to number, so the task tests what is taken in at a single glance rather than how well someone searches the screen.",{"q":580,"a":581},"What does the chimp test measure?",[582],{"type":261,"text":583},[584],{"t":166,"v":585},"Short-term memory for where things are on a screen. It is related to the number and sequence memory tests, but it asks you to remember places as well as an order.","Keep reading",{"label":588,"to":78,"key":77},"Take the chimp test","Sources",[591,609,631,641,664,682],{"section":6,"hub":9,"cards":592},[593,597,601,605],{"key":12,"test":12,"path":13,"title":594,"line":595,"minutes":191,"devices":596},"Reaction time test","Find out how fast you react when the screen turns green.",{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":14},{"key":16,"test":16,"path":17,"title":598,"line":599,"minutes":191,"devices":600},"F1 reaction test","Find out how quickly you can start when five red lights go out.",{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":14},{"key":19,"test":19,"path":20,"title":602,"line":603,"minutes":191,"devices":604},"Audio reaction test","Find out how fast you react to a beep.",{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":14},{"key":23,"test":23,"path":24,"title":606,"line":607,"minutes":191,"devices":608},"Aim trainer","Find out how fast and how exactly you can hit targets.",{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":21},{"section":26,"hub":29,"cards":610},[611,615,619,623,627],{"key":32,"test":32,"path":33,"title":612,"line":613,"minutes":191,"devices":614},"CPS test","Find out how many times a second you can click.",{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":21},{"key":35,"test":35,"path":36,"title":616,"line":617,"minutes":191,"devices":618},"Spacebar clicker","Find out how fast you can press the space bar.",{"mouse":21,"touch":21,"keyboard":14},{"key":38,"test":38,"path":39,"title":620,"line":621,"minutes":191,"devices":622},"Click counter","Keep a tally of anything you like with one big button.",{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":14},{"key":41,"test":41,"path":42,"title":624,"line":625,"minutes":191,"devices":626},"Tap BPM","Tap along to a beat and find out how fast it is.",{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":14},{"key":44,"test":44,"path":45,"title":628,"line":629,"minutes":191,"devices":630},"APM test","Find out how many actions a minute you make with keyboard and mouse.",{"mouse":14,"touch":21,"keyboard":14},{"section":47,"hub":50,"cards":632},[633,637],{"key":53,"test":53,"path":54,"title":634,"line":635,"minutes":191,"devices":636},"Typing test","Find out how fast and how accurately you type.",{"mouse":21,"touch":14,"keyboard":14},{"key":56,"test":56,"path":57,"title":638,"line":639,"minutes":199,"devices":640},"Reading speed test","Find out how fast you read while still understanding the text.",{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":14},{"section":59,"hub":62,"cards":642},[643,646,649,653,657,660],{"key":65,"test":65,"path":66,"title":480,"line":644,"minutes":199,"devices":645},"Find out how many digits you can hold in mind.",{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":14},{"key":68,"test":68,"path":69,"title":483,"line":647,"minutes":199,"devices":648},"Find out how many squares you can remember on a growing grid.",{"mouse":14,"touch":14,"keyboard":14},{"key":71,"test":71,"path":72,"title":650,"line":651,"minutes":199,"devices":652},"Sequence memory 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